Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Y1 - CVS > Control Of Blood Pressure And Hypertenison > Flashcards

Control Of Blood Pressure And Hypertenison Flashcards

1
Q

What is hypertension?

A

Sustained increase in blood pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is BP measured in?

A

mmHg (millimetres of mercury)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the normal / ideal adult blood pressure?

A

90/60 mmHg to 120/80mmHg

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is classified as Stage 1 hypertension?

A

BP > 140/90 mmHg

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is classified as stage 2 hypertension?

A

BP > 160/100 mmHg

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is classified as severe hypertension?

A

BP > 180 systolic
Or
BP > 110 diastolic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is primary hypertension?

A

When the cause of the hypertension is unknown

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is secondary hypertension?

A

The cause of the hyper tension can be defined

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Give some examples of conditions causing secondary hypertension?

A

Renovascular disease
Chronic renal disease
Hyperaldosteronism
Cushing’s syndrome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What can hypertension damage?

A

Heart
Vasculature

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What conditions can damage to the heart and vasculature cause?

A

Heart failure
Myocardial infarction
Stroke
Renal failure
Retinopathy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Which chamber of the heart is usually affected with hypertension and what happens to it?

A

Left ventricle
Left ventricular hypertrophy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

How can hypertension lead to an atrophic kidney?

A

Hypertension increases the risk of atheromas (degeneration of artery wall due to formation of fatty plaques and scar tissue)

Renal artery stenosis develops (renal artery narrowed)
Reduced blood flow to kidney makes it atrophic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the equation of cardiac output?

A

CO = SV x HR

Cardiac output = Stroke volume x Heart Rate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the equation for mean arterial blood pressure? (In terms of CO and TPR)

A

Mean arterial BP = CO x TPR

Mean arterial Blood Pressure = Cardiac Output x Total Peripheral Resistance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the equation relating blood pressure to blood flow and resistance?

A

BP = Blood flow x resistance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is the mechanism which is responsible for short term blood pressure regulation?

A

Baroreceptor reflex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

How does the baroreceptor reflex adjust cardiac output?

A

Changes sympathetic and parasympathetic inputs to the heart

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

How does the baroreceptor reflex alter total peripheral resistance?

A

Adjusts level of sympathetic input to the blood vessel (a1 receptors = less stimulation by noradrenaline)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What adrenoreceptor is important in the sympathetic input of blood vessels?

What is the neurotransmitter that binds to it?

A

A1 (Alpha 1)

Noradrenaline

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Where are the baroreceptors located that are important in the baroreceptor reflex?

A

Carotid sinus
Aortic arch

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What happens in the baroreceptor reflex when mean arterial pressure is increased?

A

Baroreceptors stretch
Fire action potentials to medulla
Medulla reduces sympathetic stimulation of heart and blood vessels and increases parasympathetic stimulation of the heart

Bradycardia and vasodilation counteract inc in mean arterial pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is the baroreceptor reflex good for?

A

Rapid changes in BP
NOT LONG TERM

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What are the 4 neurohumoral pathways that control circulating blood volume therefore CONTROLLING BLOOD PRESSURE?

MEDIUM/LONG Term control of BP

A

Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS)
Sympathetic nervous system
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
How does the RAAS regulate (increase) blood pressure?
Hypovolaemia or Hypotension detected (Baroreceptors/reduced renal perfusion) Renin produced/released from kidney Angiotensinogen —> Angitotensin I —> Angiotensin II —> Increase in BP and blood volume
26
What is the function of Renin produced by the kidney?
Cleaves Angiotensinogen to Angitensin I
26
How is Angiotensin I cleaved to Angiotensin II?
ACE enzymes in the lungs
27
What parts of the body does Angiotensin II act on to increase blood pressure and increase blood volume?
Arterioles Adrenal cortex (indirectly the kidney nephron) Posterior pituitary (Indirectly the nephron)
28
What effect does Angiotensin II have on the Arterioles to help increase blood pressure?
Vasoconstriction
29
What effect does Angiotensin II have on the adrenal cortex and how does this increase blood pressure or blood volume?
Stimulates aldosterone production Aldosterone stimulates Na+/K+ pump expression in the nephron More Na+ reabsorbed back into blood (water follows the Na+) at expense of K+ being lost, increases the volume of water in the blood increasing BP
30
What effect does Angiotensin II have on the posterior pituitary and how does this increase blood pressure or blood volume?
Angiotensin II stimulates production of ADH ADH acts on collecting duct (kidney) Increases translocation of aquaporins into the collecting duct of nephron More water reabsorbed back into blood Increases blood volume/pressure
31
What part of the kidney is renin released from?
Juxtaglomerular granule cells
32
What factors stimulate renin release for the juxtaglomerular granule cells?
Reduced NaCl delivery to kidney Reduced kidney perfusion pressure Sympathetic stimulation of the juxtglomerular granule cells
33
There are 2 angiotensin II receptors AT1 and AT2, which receptor does most of the action occur at? What type of receptor is this?
AT1 G protein coupled receptor
34
Where is bradykinin normally found and what is its affect?
Lungs Vasodilator Lowers blood pressure
35
What is the effect of ACE on bradykinin?
Breaks it down Inhibits its affect of vasodilation by breaking it down into peptide fragments
36
How can ACE Inhibitors cause Hypotension and a cough?
If ACE inhibited Bradykinin accumulates (not broken down) causing Vasodilation Also causes cough
37
What are some examples of ACE Inhibitors?
Captopril Lisinopril Perindopril Enalapril
38
What is the role of the sympathetic nervous system in increasing BP?
Reduces renal blood flow: -Reduces GFR by vasoconstriction of arterioles -Less Na+ and therefore water excreted Stimulates renin release from Juxtoglomerular granule cells, INC Ang II levels, INC aldosterone = INC Na+ reabsorption = INC water reabsorption
39
What is the role of ADH in BP?
Acts to INC blood volume therefore INC BP
40
How does ADH increase BP?
INC translocation of aquaporins in collecting duct Stimulates Na+ reabsorption (Na+/K+/Cl- co-transporter) water follows Na+
41
How does Atrial Natriuertic peptide (ANP) affect BP?
Decreases BP
42
How does Atrial Natriuretic peptide (ANP) reduce BP?
Promotes Na+ excretion (inhibits Na+ reabsorption) Therefore increases water excretion reducing blood vol/pressure Vasodilation of afferent Arteriole
43
Where is ANP synthesised and stored?
Atrial cardiac myocytes
44
When is ANP released from atrial myocytes?
When stretched a lot, more ANP is released
45
What happens with ANP when BP is low/ low blood volume (Hypovolaemia)?
Atrial cells stretched less Less stretch inhibits ANP release
46
What is the role of Prostaglandins in BP?
Vasodilators Act as a buffer to excessive vasoconstriction Important when Ang II is high
47
How does dopamine affect BP?
Decreases BP Vasodilation + INC renal blood flow Reduces reabsorption of NaCl (more water lost) Inhibits Na+/K+ ATPase in PCT
48
How can Renovascular disease cause Secondary Hypertension?
Renal artery stenosis (occlusion of renal artery) reduces perfusion pressure in that Kidney Renin produced RAAS activated Other Kidney also has vasoconstriction and Na+ retention, more ADH made by posterior pituitary, More water retained
49
How does Renal parenchymal disease cause Secondary Hypertension?
Loss of vasodilator substances Na+ and water retention due to inadequate Glomular filtration
50
What are parenchymal cells?
The functional tissue/cells of an organ (not the connective tissue)
51
What is Conn’s syndrome?
Adrenal tumour secreting aldosterone
52
What effect does Conn’s syndrome have on the body and why?
Elevated aldosterone Hypertension Hypernatraemia Hypokalaemia
53
What is Cushing’s syndrome?
Excess secretion of Cortisol
54
What effect does Cushing’s syndrome have on BP and why?
At high [cortisol] can act on aldosterone receptors increasing Na+ retention, water retention and K+ excretion
55
What is a tumour of the adrenal medulla called the secretes Catecholamines?
Phaeomochromocytoma (produces noradrenaline and adrenaline)
56
How is a Phaeochromocytoma treated?
Alpha blockers + Beta blockers Alpha blocker = Phenoxybenzamine Beta blocker = Bisoprolol
57
How can you non-pharmacologically try and treat hypertension?
Exercise Diet Reduce Na+ intake (salt) Reduce alcohol intake
58
How can you treat hypertension by targeting the RAAS?
ACE inhibitors Angiotensin II receptor antagonists
59
How do ACE inhibitors treat hypertension?
Prevent conversion of Ang I to Ang II Prevents the vasoconstriction action it has and prevents the release of aldosterone
60
What are some Angiotensin II receptor blockers? (Block action of Angiotensin II)
Losartan Valsartan Temisarta
61
How does an L-type Ca2+ channel blocker act as a vasodilator?
Reduces Ca2+ entry into vascular smooth muscle Relaxation of vascular smooth muscle
62
What is an example of an L-type Ca2+ channel blocker?
Verapamil
63
What affect does a drug which is an A1 receptor blocker have on the body?
Blocks A1 receptors on vascular smooth muscle Reduces sympathetic tone by not allowing noradrenaline to bind Vasodilation Can led t postural hypotension
64
What is an example of a drug which is an A1 receptor blocker?
Doxazosin
65
How do diuretics treat hypertension?
Increased water excretion in urine
66
What is spironolactone?
Aldosterone antagonist (Diuretics)
67
What do Thiazide diuretics inhibit?
Na/Cl co-transporter
68
How do Beta blockers treat hypertension?
Block B1 receptor This is in the heart Prevents noradrenaline binding Heart rate reduced Heart contraction strength reduced

Y1 - CVS (21 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions