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1st Semester Fall 2014 > Intro to CS 6-7 > Flashcards

Intro to CS 6-7 Flashcards

0
Q

Assembler first pass

A
  • Bind all symbolic names to address values

- Enter those bindings in the symbol table

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1
Q

Assembly language

A

1950, second-generation languages, low-level programming language

  • Symbolic op codes
  • Symbolic addresses for instructions and data
  • Pseudo-ops for data generation and ,..
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2
Q

Machine language problems

A

Designed from a machine’s point of view

  • Uses binary
  • Allows only numerical memory addresses in binary
  • Hard to insert and delete instructions. (All memory addresses following that instruction will change)
  • Difficult to store data. (Would have to compute the internal representation for the data)
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3
Q

Hardware after loader

A

Begins fetch/decode/execute cycle

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4
Q

Assembly language pseudo-ops

A

.BEGIN (marks the beginning of program translation)

HALT (terminates program execution)

.DATA (to mark memory location as holding data)

.END (mark the end of program translation)

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5
Q

Assembly language process

A
  • Assembly language program = Source program
  • Source program translated by assembler into machine language = Object program
  • Loader places object program in memory
  • Processor executes object program
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6
Q

Assembly language format

A
  • label:
  • opcode
  • address field
  • –comment
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7
Q

Assembler second pass

A
  • Translate the source program into machine language
  • Handle data generation pseudo-ops
  • Produce the object file needed by the loader (.exe)
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8
Q

Important system software programs

A
  • Operating system: controls the overall operation of the computer (communicates and activates)
  • Graphical user interface (GUI): visual interface
  • Language service: allow user to develop programs in a high-level user-oriented language (assemblers, compilers, interpreters)
  • Memory managers: allocate memory space for program and data, retrieve when no longer needed
  • Information managers: handle the organization, storage and retrieve information on mass storage devices. (directories, folders, files)
  • I/O systems: allow the user to communicate with various types of input and output devices in an easy and efficient way
  • Scheduler: manages a list of programs ready to run on the processor and selects the one that will execute next. (multiple programs active same time)
  • Utilities: usefull services organized in program libraries (text editors, sound applications,…)
  • Network software: creates important and widely used virtual environment of computer network
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9
Q

Assembler

A

Translates assembly language program to machine language

  • Convert symbolic op codes to binary
  • Convert symbolic labels to memory addresses
  • Perform pseudo-op actions
  • Write object file containing machine instructions
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10
Q

Binding

A

The process of associating a symbolic name with a physical memory address

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11
Q

System software

A

A collection of programs that:

  • Manages the ressources of the computer
  • Facilitates access to those ressources
  • Serves as intermediary between user and hardware
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12
Q

Second generation of operating systems development

A

Batch operating systems (1955-1965)

  • Small I/O computer to put programs to tape
  • Tape loaded on the big computer, ran user’s program as a group, writting results on another tape
  • Command language: job control language
  • Receptionist/dispatcher responsibility of the operating system
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13
Q

First generation of operating systems development

A

(1945-1955)

  • Programmers hand-loaded programs
  • Majority of time spent analyzing the result and what to do next
  • Assemblers, loaders
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14
Q

Third generation operating systems development

A

Multiprogrammed and time sharing opeating systems (1965-1985)

  • Multiple user programs loaded into memory at once
  • Running/waiting/ready states
  • Traffic officer and security guard responsibilities of the operating system
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15
Q

Assembler pass

A

The process of examining and processing every instruction in the program

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16
Q

Time sharing differences from multiprogrammed

A

A program keeps the processor until:

  • It initiates an I/O operation
  • It has run for a maximum length of time (time slice)
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17
Q

Fourth generation operating systems development

A

Network operating systems (1985-now)

  • Local area networks
  • Client/server
  • Real-time operating system: manages ressources of embedded computers that are controlling ongoing physical processes and have requests that must be serviced withing fixed time constraints
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18
Q

Loader

A

Gets assembly language program ready to run

  • Places instructions in memory
  • Triggers the hardware to run the program
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19
Q

Loader after assembler

A
  • After assembler
  • Reads instruction from the object file and store into memory for execution
  • After completion, places address 0 of the first instruction into the program counter to initiate execution
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20
Q

Virtual machine or Virtual environment

A

The set of services and ressources created by the system software

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21
Q

Naked machine vs Virtual machine

Virtual machine

A
  • Write program using text editors in high-level language
  • Save program to folder
  • Use translator to convert binary
  • Use sheduler to load and run
  • Use I/O system to print results
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22
Q

Responsibilities of the System software

A
  • Hides the complex and unimportant details of the internal structure of the computer hardware (Von Neumann architecture)
  • Presents important information to the user in a way that is easy to understand
  • Allow the user to access the computer hardware ressources in a simple and efficient way
  • Provides a safe and secure environment to operate
23
Q

Naked machine vs Virtual machine

Naked machine

A
  • Write program in binary
  • Load instructions one by one into memory
  • Insert start memory address 0 into Program counter and push “start” button
  • Read results from memory one-by-one, in binary
24
Q

Assembly language advantages to machine language

A

Allows:

  • Symbolic names (op code mnemonic) to refer to binary op codes
  • Symbolic addresses
  • Clarity and maintanability
  • Pseudo-op commands
25
Q

Operating systems responsibilities

A
  • User interface: user communicates with operating system (receptionist and dispatcher)
  • System security and protection: controls access to the computer and its ressources (security guard)
  • Efficient allocation of ressources: keeps queue of programs that are ready to run, keeps processor busy and all programs making progress. Running, waiting, ready (efficiency expert)
  • Safe use of ressources: ensure that the computer doesn’t get stuck in deadlock (traffic cop)
26
Q

Bluetooth

A
  • Low power
  • Close range (30-50 feet)
  • Often used to support communication between computer peripherals
27
Q

Broadband

A

Any communication link with a transmission rate exceeding 256k bps

28
Q

Wired and wireless computer technology

A

Wired:

  • Dial-up
  • Broadband (Digital subscriber line, cable)

Wireless:

  • WLAN (Wireless local area network)
  • WWAN (Wireless wide area network)
29
Q

Mobile computing

A

The ability to deliver data to users regardless of their location

30
Q

Transport layer protocols

A

Second level of address that identifies not only a specific computer but also a specific program running on that computer

  • Reliable packet delivery
  • Assign port numbers to programs and remember which program goes with which port
31
Q

Local area network topologies

A
  • Bus topology: Shared communication line, take turns using line
  • Ring toplogy: Messages circulate clockwise or counterclockwise until it reaches their destination
  • Star topology: All node connected to a single central node, all send message to central which is forwarded to destination
32
Q

Wireless network problems

A
  • Travels only in a straight line
  • Affected by rain/fog
  • Cannot pass through obstacles
  • Slower than wired connections
  • Easy to intercept and gain unauthorized acces
33
Q

Data link layer protocols

A

Reliable transmission of bits:

  • Error detection and correction: Notices failures and fixes them
  • Framing: Determine which bit belongs to one message
  • Layer 2a, Medium access control: determine how to decide ownership of a shared communication line
  • Layer 2b, Logical link control: ensure that the message arrives
34
Q

Wireless wide area network

A

Computer transmits message to remote base station provided by a telecommunication company (e.g. 4G)

35
Q

Wide area networks (WAN)

A
  • Dedicated point-to-point lines: computers connect to other computers on individual lines
  • Store-and-forward, packet-switched: packets go from node to node until reach destination (if message to big, split into multiple packets)
36
Q

Bandwith

A

Capacity

37
Q

Switched, dial-up telephone lines

A
  • Analog lines
  • Transmit digital data

-Modem: modulates carrier wave then
demodulates the received waveform

-Speeds up to 56k bps

38
Q

Metropolitan Wi-Fi service

A

Routers provided by the city

39
Q

Digital subscriber line (DSL)

A
  • Same wires that carry telephone signals
  • Transmits digital
  • “Always-on” link
  • Asymmetric (higher download bandwidth than upload)
40
Q

Repeater

A

A device that amplifies and forwards the signal

41
Q

Physical layer protocols

A

Govern the exchange of binary data across physical channels. Protocol Specify:

  • Bit present on the line ?
  • How long will bit remain on line ?
  • Digital or analog form ?
  • Physical quantities that represent 0 and 1
  • Shape of the connector

Creates a “bit-pipe” between” two computers

42
Q

Wireless local area network (WLAN)

A
  • Computer transmits to a wireless base station (wireless router)
  • Which is connected to a wired network (DSL, cable modem)
  • Range 150-300 feet or 45-90 meter
43
Q

Network layer protocols

A

Deliver a message from the site where it was created to its ultimate destination

  • Creates a universal addressing scheme for all network nodes
  • Deliver messages between any two nodes in a network
44
Q

Internet protocol hierarchy, protocol stack, TCP/IP

A 
Physical layer
Data link layer
Network layer
Transport layer
Application layer
45
Q

Internet Society, Internet Architecture Board and Internet Engineering Task Force

A

Establish and enforce network protocols

46
Q

Gigabit Ethernet

A
  • long-term research project NBEN

- IEEE standard

47
Q

Modulate/Demodulate

A

Modulate: analog to binary

Demodulate: binary to analog

48
Q

Constructing Ethernet LAN

A

Shared cable

  • Bus toplogy
  • Wired/cable passes all around
  • Nodes connected to transceiver
  • Multiple cables connected using repeaters or bridges

Wiring closet

  • Switch located in room called wiring closet
  • Ethernet jack to connect switch in closet or a wireless router
  • Most widely used LAN construction technique
49
Q

Network protocols

A

A standard set of rules, conventions and agreements for the efficient and orderly exchange of information

50
Q

Advantage of store-and-forward network

A

The failure of a single link or node does not necessarily bring down the entire network

51
Q

Bridge

A

A smarter deivce with knowledge about the nodes located on each separate network, examines every message to see if it should be forwarded.

Connects to identical types of network

52
Q

Computer network

A

Made up of computing devices, nodes or hosts, and interconnection links for sharing information and resources.

53
Q

Wi-Fi

A
  • Wireless Fidelity
  • IEEE 802.11 wireless network standard
  • One of most widely used standard for wireless local access
54
Q

Cable modem

A
  • Uses cable TV lines
  • “Always-on” link
  • Asymmetric (higher download bandwidth than upload)

1st Semester Fall 2014 (5 decks)

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