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Intro To Communication > Intro To Communication > Flashcards

Intro To Communication Flashcards

1
Q

Communication

A

The exchange of verbal and nonverbal messages with the intent of stimulating particular meanings in the minds of others

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2
Q

Understanding

A

Stimulate the meanings we intend in the minds of others

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3
Q

What best describes the purpose of communication?

A

solve problems
make decisions
manage relationships

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4
Q

Intercultural communication

A

Communication between, and among people in groups, across national, ethic, and other cultural boundaries

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5
Q

4 primary communication challenges

A
  1. Affective communication requires significant intellectual and psychological resources
  2. Not everyone we encounter will appreciate the value of communication
  3. We may over rely on digitally mediated communication
  4. We live in a diverse world where intercultural understanding can be difficult
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6
Q

Linear model of communication

A

Reveals the basic components of a simple exchange between two people

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7
Q

5 Phases of linear model of communication DETPD

A
  1. Decide on the message
  2. Encode the message
  3. Transmit the message
  4. Perceive the message
  5. Decode the message
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8
Q

Encoding

A

A psychological process where the message sender assigns symbols such as words, sounds, or gestures, to their thoughts and feelings

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9
Q

Channel

A

The medium that carries the message

email
telephone
face-to-face
written document

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10
Q

Decoding

A

assigning meaning to communicated messages

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11
Q

Noise

A

Any distraction that interferes with the transmission of messages

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12
Q

Context

A

The environment and situation in which communication occurs

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13
Q

4 elements of competent communication

A
  1. Analysis of people
  2. Intended communication goal
  3. Nature of the environment
  4. Physical setting
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14
Q

Transactional model of communication

A

a process in which communicators generate social realities within social, relational, and cultural contexts

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15
Q

Roles

A

Clearly defined and specialized functions that each member of the team possesses

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16
Q

Rules

A

Formal expectations that guide team member interactions

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17
Q

4 principles of selection

A
  1. Selective exposure
  2. Selective attention
  3. Selective perception.
  4. Selective recall
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18
Q

Selective exposure

A

People will attend to information that reinforces existing beliefs and disregard information that is at odds with their current beliefs

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19
Q

Selective attention

A

Illustrates how once we are engaged in a particular interaction we focus on certain information and ignore others

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20
Q

Selective perception

A

The inclination to see,hear, and believe what we want to

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21
Q

Selective recall

A

Remembering things that we agree with rather than that are contrary to our beliefs

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22
Q

3 stages of perception

A
  1. Selection
  2. Organization
  3. Interpretation
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23
Q

Organization

A

A communicators efforts to group information into meaningful units to make further sense out of the information

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24
Q

Figure and ground

A

Figure: point of emphasis

Ground: background

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25
Q

Closure

A

Ability to fill in missing information to complete a perception

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26
Q

Interpretation

A

Assigning meaning to stimuli

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27
Q

Self concept

A

The way in which you define yourself

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28
Q

Self esteem

A

The degree to which you approve of, value, and like the concept that you have of yourself

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29
Q

Stereotype

A

Assumptions of a standard, generalized profile of an individual because they belong to a group

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30
Q

Attribution error

A

When falsely interpreting behavior, we rely on faulty explanations, reasons, or information

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31
Q

Fundamental attribution error

A

The mistake me make when we attribute other peoples positive characteristics and success to external situational factors, and they’re negative characteristics and failures to aspects of who they are

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32
Q

Locus of causation

A

Whether the communicators behavior was motivated by an internal state, or external factor

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33
Q

Self serving bias

A

When we are successful, we attribute our successes to some internal positive qualities, however, when we fail, we blame the situation

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34
Q

Self presentation

A

The strategic development and use a verbal and nonverbal messages that result in others making conclusions about the kind of individual you are

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35
Q

Impression management

A

They deliver it use a verbal and nonverbal messages to create a particular impression among others

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36
Q

Culture

A

Complex whole, which includes knowledge, belief, art, morals, law, custom, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society

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37
Q

Co-cultures

A

Reflects the unique beliefs, ways of thinking, communication, patterns, and styles, and customs of members of particular groups that exist within the umbrella culture

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38
Q

True or false: co-cultures often have little influence on the way people within those co-cultures behave

A

FALSE

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39
Q

Globalization

A

The process of our worlds, becoming ever more connected in economic, political, organizational, and personal terms, as transportation and telecommunication systems improve

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40
Q

High power distance

A

Place a great deal of value on social rank in the status associated with certain occupations, or political offices

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41
Q

Low power distance

A

People tend to communicate in ways that promote equality, and diminish the barriers between people that status and rank create

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42
Q

Individualism

A

Values people who are assertive and speak for themselves, independent, and not rely on others take any great extent

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43
Q

Collectivism

A

Value their membership in their particular in – group to such an extent that they place a greater importance on their role within the group, then their role as an individual

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44
Q

High context communication

A

Communicators rely heavily on environmental cues, and as a result, implicitly understand what is being communicated

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45
Q

Low context

A

Communicators require explicit were clear verbal messages to understand a message

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46
Q

Masculinity

A

Cultures value, competitiveness, an achievement, even at the expense of interpersonal relationships – direct, forceful communication is valued, and appreciated

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47
Q

Femininity

A

Relationships, compassion, and nurturing, are highly valued – cooperation, listening, and showing empathy are important, communication skills

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48
Q

Monochronic

A

People of this culture tend to like doing one thing at a time, being punctual, and concentrating fully to meet their commitments

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49
Q

Polychronic

A

People who are flexible in terms of starting times for appointments and deadlines, changing plans and priorities easily – their style may seem chaotic and unfocused

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50
Q

Ethnocentrism

A

The belief that one’s own culture in lifestyle are superior to all others

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51
Q

Technophobic

A

Anxious or avoiding of using new media

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52
Q

Medium

A

A device that moves messages over distance or three times so that people who are not face-to-face can communicate

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53
Q

New media

A

Digital or networked information and communication technologies that have emerged since the latter part of the 20th century

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54
Q

Digital media

A

Digital codes, including digitized, photographs, video, or written words in which a tremendous amount is stored in a very small amount of space

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55
Q

Networking

A

The communications among devices, and the people who use them

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56
Q

Role taking

A

The skill that allows communicators to figuratively stand in one another shoes, and assume one another social roles and perspective

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57
Q

Synchronous communication

A

Communication that occurs at the same time

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58
Q

Asynchronous communication

A

Communication that occurs outside of the constraints of time and place

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59
Q

Trevino, Daft, and Lengel’s criteria for media

A
  • mediums capacity for instant feedback
  • mediums capacity for communicating multiple cues
  • mediums capacity for transmitting natural language
  • mediums capacity to express personality and emotion
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60
Q

Media mediums capacity for instant feedback

A

When a message is potentially unclear or ambiguous, instant feedback will allow communicators to interact, check, perceptions, ask questions, and arise more quickly at understanding

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61
Q

Media mediums capacity for communicating multiple cues

A

Any communication medium allows us to send and receive facial expressions, tone of voice, gestures, and verbal inflection. It becomes a more powerful tool for effective interaction

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62
Q

Media mediums capacity for transmitting natural language

A

When communicators can use the same kind of language, they would use in a face-to-face conversation they can be conversational and engaging

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63
Q

Media mediums capacity to express personality and emotion

A

Messages are always interpreted more accurately when we can express emotion and feeling

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64
Q

Rich media

A

Allows for the exchange of nonverbal information, motion, common, quick feedback

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65
Q

Lean media

A

Reliant mostly on text and permit, little or no exchange of affect, instant feedback, or important, nonverbal cues

66
Q

Attitude

A

Thoughts, feelings, perceptions, assumptions, and expectations

67
Q

Ethos

A

Credibility of a speaker

68
Q

Pathos

A

Emotional appeal of a speaker

69
Q

Logos

A

Logical argument presented by a speaker

70
Q

Characteristics of a successful public speaking attitude

A
  1. Believe that you have something important and worthwhile to share
  2. No, the public speaking makes you vulnerable but that feedback and criticism can be very useful
  3. Understand that the best public speaking style is a controversial one
  4. Create and maintain a genuine positive regard for your audience
  5. Believe and reassure yourself that you will succeed
71
Q

Deductive reasoning

A

Begins with a general claims, and moves to a specific instance

72
Q

Syllogism

A

A classic form of deductive reasoning, including a major premise, minor premise, and conclusion

73
Q

Fallacies

A

Descriptions of the way in which arguments can go wrong

74
Q

Hasty generalization

A

A fallacy of inductive reasoning that comes to a general conclusion based on to feel or unrepresentative examples

75
Q

Straw person

A

When someone presents a week version of an argument, in order to refuted and claim victory

76
Q

Post hoc ergo propter hoc (after therefore because of)

A

Occurs when one event that precedes a second event is assumed to have caused the second event

77
Q

Forced dichotomy

A

Occurs when a speaker presents only two solutions to the problem, ignoring other solutions, either purposefully or out of ignorance

78
Q

Ad hominem

A

Occurs when someone refused an argument by attacking the person who presented the argument rather than the argument itself

79
Q

Appeal to misplaced authority

A

Relies on the reputation of an expert in an unrelated field

80
Q

Informative speech

A

A presentation designed to create, further, or alter the audiences factual beliefs about a topic

81
Q

Persuasive speech

A

Public speaking goal is to change someone’s opinions, attitudes, beliefs, or behaviors

82
Q

Topical

A

Each main point is a separate entity, all of which connected by way of the topic

83
Q

Chronological

A

Each main point is presented in sequential order

84
Q

3 goals of informative speaking

A
  1. Communicate information that is new knowledge for audience
  2. Further existing knowledge
  3. Update outdated information or change listeners factual understanding of a topic
85
Q

Instructional presentations

A

Specifically designed to provide listeners with in depth knowledge on a particular topic

86
Q

Brief report

A

Shorter than an instructional presentation- represents a highly structured overview of a very specific information

87
Q

Demonstration

A

Gives how-to advice to an audience relative to a particular topic or activity and it involves some physical depiction of the subject

88
Q

Training

A

A specialized type of education in which team members are taught specific skills and knowledge that can enhance their performance

89
Q

Persuasion

A

Activity that involves symbolic communication between two or more persons with the intent to change attitudes, beliefs and or behaviors

90
Q

3 goals of persuasion

A
  1. Change how listeners feel
  2. Change how listeners think
  3. Change how listeners act
91
Q

Attitude

A

Thoughts, feelings, perceptions, assumptions, and expectations

92
Q

Belief

A

Pertains to an individual’s perception of the truth or the existence or falsity of something

93
Q

Behavior

A

Physical action

94
Q

Behavioral intention

A

Individuals expectation of plan that they will behave in some particular way

95
Q

Psychological reactance theory

A

Persuasive messages threaten an audiences feeling of freedom to think, believe, and act as they wish

96
Q

Monroe’s motivated sequence

A

Method of structuring and presenting ideas uses time-tested and research-validated logic for persuading audiences in educational, business, and sales situations

97
Q

5 steps of Monroe’s motivate sequence

A
  1. Capture audience’s attention
  2. Identify problems or unfulfilled needs
  3. Propose a solution that satisfies the problems
  4. Help audience visualize what satisfaction will mean for them
  5. Give audience an action plan
98
Q

Two sided message with refutation

A

Present both sides of the issue but refute the validity, accuracy, or defensibility of the opposing side

99
Q

Counterarguments

A

Dismantle any potential objections from your audience but also those that subsequent speakers may raise

100
Q

Fear appeals

A

Seek to influence audience members to change because they are scared of the consequences of not doing so

101
Q

Verbal citation

A

Verbal reference to source during speech

102
Q

Verbal plagiarism

A

Presenting someone else’s ideas as if they were your own without giving the source credit

103
Q

Decency effect

A

End the body of the speech with the most compelling piece of evidence

104
Q

Primacy effect

A

Lead the body of the speech with the most compelling piece of evidence first

105
Q

Sensory aids

A

Supporting devices appeal to one or more of the five senses

106
Q

Thesis statement

A

Brief, one sentence summary of the central idea of your presentation and includes the answer to the questions “why this topic for this audience?”

107
Q

Full-content outlines

A

An outline that uses complete sentences and consists of the entire introduction and conclusion written out word for word and includes all main points, examples etc

108
Q

Abbreviated outline

A

Outline that uses short phrases and allows glancing at keywords and phrases - delivered conversationally

109
Q

Linear framework

A

Follows a clear straightforward fact based approach to organizing a presentation

110
Q

Interpersonal communication (IPC)

A

Verbal and nonverbal transaction that takes place between two interdependent individuals within a relationship which varies in regress from interpersonal to intimate and can be conducted in a variety of contexts

111
Q

Dyadic relationships

A

Two individuals involved in a relationship

112
Q

Interdependence

A

Two people being mutually dependent on one another - behaviors of one affect the other

113
Q

Inclusion needs

A

Need to feel accepted by and involved with others

114
Q

Control needs

A

The extent to which relationships help us feel competent and confident as individuals and by extension influential over others

115
Q

Affection needs

A

The need for others to approve of us which is an external affirmation of our value and identity

116
Q

Initiating or orientation

A

Initial stage in which we use communication to imitate encounters with people we are interesting in dating or becoming closer to personally

117
Q

Self presentation

A

The strategic development and use of verbal and nonverbal messages that result in others making conclusions about the kind of individual you are

118
Q

Flippant

A

Trite opening lines sometimes used to attempt to imitate dating relationships

119
Q

Self-disclosure

A

Act of disclosing personal information to others that supports a deepening relationship

120
Q

Mohair Window

A

Model of self-disclosure to help people better understand their relationships with the self and others

121
Q

4 quadrants of the Johari Window

A
  1. Open
  2. Hidden
  3. Blind
  4. Unknown
122
Q

Social penetration theory

A

Model of self-disclosure

123
Q

2 dimensions of the social penetration theory

A
  1. Breadth
  2. Depth
124
Q

Dialectal tension

A

Tension that exists between two competing and contradictory but related forces operating the health of a relationship

125
Q

Ruminating

A

Incessantly talking about a problem or an issue that is bothering you

126
Q

Flaming

A

Online verbal abuse on social media

127
Q

Keylogging

A

Using devices and software to detect keystrokes that an individual types on their personal computers

128
Q

Message complexity

A

Message that is detailed or characterized by a number of arguments and related evidence might be difficult to follow and comprehend

129
Q

Self-talk

A

Internal dialogue we have throughout our lives; inner voice running commentary

130
Q

Sender-receiver reciprocity

A

Senders and receivers adapt to one another and share responsibility for listening effectiveness

131
Q

Empathy

A

The ability to perceive another’s messages through his or her worldview and experience

132
Q

Critical thinking

A

Internal process that involves

-assessing the other communicator and context
- producing a reasoned conclusion about ideas being shared

133
Q

Sapir-Whorf hypothesis

A

Idea that our perception of reality is determined by the things we think about, and that the things we think about are limited by the language that exists to describe them

134
Q

Denotative meaning

A

The universal or dictionary definitions of words that groups agree on

135
Q

Connotative meaning

A

The contextual meaning that we associate with words, meanings thy often express some kind of value beyond the commonly agreed joint definition

136
Q

Abstract

A

Refers to intangibles like “honor”/ “love”

137
Q

Euphemism

A

A polite and pleasant expression designed to substitute for a term that the sender believes lacks social acceptability

138
Q

Power language

A

Conveys your own belief in, and attachment to what you say

139
Q

Kinesics

A

Study of body movements including posture, gestures and facial expressions

140
Q

Emblems

A

Nonverbal movements that substitute words and verbalizations

141
Q

Adaptors

A

Movements that communications engage in, sometimes unconsciously to relive stress and anxiety

142
Q

Proxemics

A

The study of the ways in which humans use and manage the space around them as a way of shaping meaning

143
Q

Intimate distance

A

The space that extends up to 18 inches away from you

144
Q

Personal space

A

The “bubble” that we create around ourselves and claim as our own

145
Q

Social distance

A

Space that ranges from 4-12 feet away from you

146
Q

Public distance

A

Space that beyond 12 feet away from you

147
Q

Chronemics

A

The ways in which communicators use time and the messages they communicate as a result of how they manage their time

148
Q

Haptics

A

The use of touch in communication

149
Q

Paralanguage

A

Category of nonverbal behavior refers to uses of the voice other than to express words and phrases

150
Q

Artifacts

A

Ornaments and adornments displayed on or around a physical personal

151
Q

Synergy

A

The “extra energy” created by a high performing team when it interacts and functions well

152
Q

Groupthink

A

A team overwhelming motivation to agree and reach consensus and failure to critically evaluate the task or alternative

153
Q

Social loafing

A

Situations in which one or more members exert little or not effort to the teams work

154
Q

Bad apple effect

A

Poisonous impact of having just one ineffective team member

155
Q

Stages of teams

A
  1. Forming
  2. Storming
  3. Norming
  4. Performing
156
Q

Reward power

A

Power associated with the perception that one has the potential for either providing a positive reward in exchange for participation

157
Q

Coercive power

A

Power associated with perceptions that a particular individual had the ability to punish them for not cooperating or complying as participants with their requests

158
Q

Expert power

A

Power associated with one’s ability to influence others thoughts or behaviors because other members perceive them as competent or creíble

159
Q

Referent power

A

Power associated with one’s ability to motivate and influence others because they are well liked

160
Q

Transformational leadership

A

A model that illustrates how some leaders inspire and motivate teammates to excel within the team context in committed and passionate ways

161
Q

Groupware

A

Software that facilitates collaboration among user working on related tasks

Intro To Communication (2 decks)

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