Intro To Communication Flashcards
Communication
The exchange of verbal and nonverbal messages with the intent of stimulating particular meanings in the minds of others
Understanding
Stimulate the meanings we intend in the minds of others
What best describes the purpose of communication?
solve problems
make decisions
manage relationships
Intercultural communication
Communication between, and among people in groups, across national, ethic, and other cultural boundaries
4 primary communication challenges
- Affective communication requires significant intellectual and psychological resources
- Not everyone we encounter will appreciate the value of communication
- We may over rely on digitally mediated communication
- We live in a diverse world where intercultural understanding can be difficult
Linear model of communication
Reveals the basic components of a simple exchange between two people
5 Phases of linear model of communication DETPD
- Decide on the message
- Encode the message
- Transmit the message
- Perceive the message
- Decode the message
Encoding
A psychological process where the message sender assigns symbols such as words, sounds, or gestures, to their thoughts and feelings
Channel
The medium that carries the message
email
telephone
face-to-face
written document
Decoding
assigning meaning to communicated messages
Noise
Any distraction that interferes with the transmission of messages
Context
The environment and situation in which communication occurs
4 elements of competent communication
- Analysis of people
- Intended communication goal
- Nature of the environment
- Physical setting
Transactional model of communication
a process in which communicators generate social realities within social, relational, and cultural contexts
Roles
Clearly defined and specialized functions that each member of the team possesses
Rules
Formal expectations that guide team member interactions
4 principles of selection
- Selective exposure
- Selective attention
- Selective perception.
- Selective recall
Selective exposure
People will attend to information that reinforces existing beliefs and disregard information that is at odds with their current beliefs
Selective attention
Illustrates how once we are engaged in a particular interaction we focus on certain information and ignore others
Selective perception
The inclination to see,hear, and believe what we want to
Selective recall
Remembering things that we agree with rather than that are contrary to our beliefs
3 stages of perception
- Selection
- Organization
- Interpretation
Organization
A communicators efforts to group information into meaningful units to make further sense out of the information
Figure and ground
Figure: point of emphasis
Ground: background
Closure
Ability to fill in missing information to complete a perception
Interpretation
Assigning meaning to stimuli
Self concept
The way in which you define yourself
Self esteem
The degree to which you approve of, value, and like the concept that you have of yourself
Stereotype
Assumptions of a standard, generalized profile of an individual because they belong to a group
Attribution error
When falsely interpreting behavior, we rely on faulty explanations, reasons, or information
Fundamental attribution error
The mistake me make when we attribute other peoples positive characteristics and success to external situational factors, and they’re negative characteristics and failures to aspects of who they are
Locus of causation
Whether the communicators behavior was motivated by an internal state, or external factor
Self serving bias
When we are successful, we attribute our successes to some internal positive qualities, however, when we fail, we blame the situation
Self presentation
The strategic development and use a verbal and nonverbal messages that result in others making conclusions about the kind of individual you are
Impression management
They deliver it use a verbal and nonverbal messages to create a particular impression among others
Culture
Complex whole, which includes knowledge, belief, art, morals, law, custom, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society
Co-cultures
Reflects the unique beliefs, ways of thinking, communication, patterns, and styles, and customs of members of particular groups that exist within the umbrella culture
True or false: co-cultures often have little influence on the way people within those co-cultures behave
FALSE
Globalization
The process of our worlds, becoming ever more connected in economic, political, organizational, and personal terms, as transportation and telecommunication systems improve
High power distance
Place a great deal of value on social rank in the status associated with certain occupations, or political offices
Low power distance
People tend to communicate in ways that promote equality, and diminish the barriers between people that status and rank create
Individualism
Values people who are assertive and speak for themselves, independent, and not rely on others take any great extent
Collectivism
Value their membership in their particular in – group to such an extent that they place a greater importance on their role within the group, then their role as an individual
High context communication
Communicators rely heavily on environmental cues, and as a result, implicitly understand what is being communicated
Low context
Communicators require explicit were clear verbal messages to understand a message
Masculinity
Cultures value, competitiveness, an achievement, even at the expense of interpersonal relationships – direct, forceful communication is valued, and appreciated
Femininity
Relationships, compassion, and nurturing, are highly valued – cooperation, listening, and showing empathy are important, communication skills
Monochronic
People of this culture tend to like doing one thing at a time, being punctual, and concentrating fully to meet their commitments
Polychronic
People who are flexible in terms of starting times for appointments and deadlines, changing plans and priorities easily – their style may seem chaotic and unfocused
Ethnocentrism
The belief that one’s own culture in lifestyle are superior to all others
Technophobic
Anxious or avoiding of using new media
Medium
A device that moves messages over distance or three times so that people who are not face-to-face can communicate
New media
Digital or networked information and communication technologies that have emerged since the latter part of the 20th century
Digital media
Digital codes, including digitized, photographs, video, or written words in which a tremendous amount is stored in a very small amount of space
Networking
The communications among devices, and the people who use them
Role taking
The skill that allows communicators to figuratively stand in one another shoes, and assume one another social roles and perspective
Synchronous communication
Communication that occurs at the same time
Asynchronous communication
Communication that occurs outside of the constraints of time and place
Trevino, Daft, and Lengel’s criteria for media
- mediums capacity for instant feedback
- mediums capacity for communicating multiple cues
- mediums capacity for transmitting natural language
- mediums capacity to express personality and emotion
Media mediums capacity for instant feedback
When a message is potentially unclear or ambiguous, instant feedback will allow communicators to interact, check, perceptions, ask questions, and arise more quickly at understanding
Media mediums capacity for communicating multiple cues
Any communication medium allows us to send and receive facial expressions, tone of voice, gestures, and verbal inflection. It becomes a more powerful tool for effective interaction
Media mediums capacity for transmitting natural language
When communicators can use the same kind of language, they would use in a face-to-face conversation they can be conversational and engaging
Media mediums capacity to express personality and emotion
Messages are always interpreted more accurately when we can express emotion and feeling
Rich media
Allows for the exchange of nonverbal information, motion, common, quick feedback
Lean media
Reliant mostly on text and permit, little or no exchange of affect, instant feedback, or important, nonverbal cues
Attitude
Thoughts, feelings, perceptions, assumptions, and expectations
Ethos
Credibility of a speaker
Pathos
Emotional appeal of a speaker
Logos
Logical argument presented by a speaker
Characteristics of a successful public speaking attitude
- Believe that you have something important and worthwhile to share
- No, the public speaking makes you vulnerable but that feedback and criticism can be very useful
- Understand that the best public speaking style is a controversial one
- Create and maintain a genuine positive regard for your audience
- Believe and reassure yourself that you will succeed
Deductive reasoning
Begins with a general claims, and moves to a specific instance
Syllogism
A classic form of deductive reasoning, including a major premise, minor premise, and conclusion
Fallacies
Descriptions of the way in which arguments can go wrong
Hasty generalization
A fallacy of inductive reasoning that comes to a general conclusion based on to feel or unrepresentative examples
Straw person
When someone presents a week version of an argument, in order to refuted and claim victory
Post hoc ergo propter hoc (after therefore because of)
Occurs when one event that precedes a second event is assumed to have caused the second event
Forced dichotomy
Occurs when a speaker presents only two solutions to the problem, ignoring other solutions, either purposefully or out of ignorance
Ad hominem
Occurs when someone refused an argument by attacking the person who presented the argument rather than the argument itself
Appeal to misplaced authority
Relies on the reputation of an expert in an unrelated field
Informative speech
A presentation designed to create, further, or alter the audiences factual beliefs about a topic
Persuasive speech
Public speaking goal is to change someone’s opinions, attitudes, beliefs, or behaviors
Topical
Each main point is a separate entity, all of which connected by way of the topic
Chronological
Each main point is presented in sequential order
3 goals of informative speaking
- Communicate information that is new knowledge for audience
- Further existing knowledge
- Update outdated information or change listeners factual understanding of a topic
Instructional presentations
Specifically designed to provide listeners with in depth knowledge on a particular topic
Brief report
Shorter than an instructional presentation- represents a highly structured overview of a very specific information
Demonstration
Gives how-to advice to an audience relative to a particular topic or activity and it involves some physical depiction of the subject
Training
A specialized type of education in which team members are taught specific skills and knowledge that can enhance their performance
Persuasion
Activity that involves symbolic communication between two or more persons with the intent to change attitudes, beliefs and or behaviors
3 goals of persuasion
- Change how listeners feel
- Change how listeners think
- Change how listeners act
Attitude
Thoughts, feelings, perceptions, assumptions, and expectations
Belief
Pertains to an individual’s perception of the truth or the existence or falsity of something
Behavior
Physical action
Behavioral intention
Individuals expectation of plan that they will behave in some particular way
Psychological reactance theory
Persuasive messages threaten an audiences feeling of freedom to think, believe, and act as they wish
Monroe’s motivated sequence
Method of structuring and presenting ideas uses time-tested and research-validated logic for persuading audiences in educational, business, and sales situations
5 steps of Monroe’s motivate sequence
- Capture audience’s attention
- Identify problems or unfulfilled needs
- Propose a solution that satisfies the problems
- Help audience visualize what satisfaction will mean for them
- Give audience an action plan
Two sided message with refutation
Present both sides of the issue but refute the validity, accuracy, or defensibility of the opposing side
Counterarguments
Dismantle any potential objections from your audience but also those that subsequent speakers may raise
Fear appeals
Seek to influence audience members to change because they are scared of the consequences of not doing so
Verbal citation
Verbal reference to source during speech
Verbal plagiarism
Presenting someone else’s ideas as if they were your own without giving the source credit
Decency effect
End the body of the speech with the most compelling piece of evidence
Primacy effect
Lead the body of the speech with the most compelling piece of evidence first
Sensory aids
Supporting devices appeal to one or more of the five senses
Thesis statement
Brief, one sentence summary of the central idea of your presentation and includes the answer to the questions “why this topic for this audience?”
Full-content outlines
An outline that uses complete sentences and consists of the entire introduction and conclusion written out word for word and includes all main points, examples etc
Abbreviated outline
Outline that uses short phrases and allows glancing at keywords and phrases - delivered conversationally
Linear framework
Follows a clear straightforward fact based approach to organizing a presentation
Interpersonal communication (IPC)
Verbal and nonverbal transaction that takes place between two interdependent individuals within a relationship which varies in regress from interpersonal to intimate and can be conducted in a variety of contexts
Dyadic relationships
Two individuals involved in a relationship
Interdependence
Two people being mutually dependent on one another - behaviors of one affect the other
Inclusion needs
Need to feel accepted by and involved with others
Control needs
The extent to which relationships help us feel competent and confident as individuals and by extension influential over others
Affection needs
The need for others to approve of us which is an external affirmation of our value and identity
Initiating or orientation
Initial stage in which we use communication to imitate encounters with people we are interesting in dating or becoming closer to personally
Self presentation
The strategic development and use of verbal and nonverbal messages that result in others making conclusions about the kind of individual you are
Flippant
Trite opening lines sometimes used to attempt to imitate dating relationships
Self-disclosure
Act of disclosing personal information to others that supports a deepening relationship
Mohair Window
Model of self-disclosure to help people better understand their relationships with the self and others
4 quadrants of the Johari Window
- Open
- Hidden
- Blind
- Unknown
Social penetration theory
Model of self-disclosure
2 dimensions of the social penetration theory
- Breadth
- Depth
Dialectal tension
Tension that exists between two competing and contradictory but related forces operating the health of a relationship
Ruminating
Incessantly talking about a problem or an issue that is bothering you
Flaming
Online verbal abuse on social media
Keylogging
Using devices and software to detect keystrokes that an individual types on their personal computers
Message complexity
Message that is detailed or characterized by a number of arguments and related evidence might be difficult to follow and comprehend
Self-talk
Internal dialogue we have throughout our lives; inner voice running commentary
Sender-receiver reciprocity
Senders and receivers adapt to one another and share responsibility for listening effectiveness
Empathy
The ability to perceive another’s messages through his or her worldview and experience
Critical thinking
Internal process that involves
-assessing the other communicator and context
- producing a reasoned conclusion about ideas being shared
Sapir-Whorf hypothesis
Idea that our perception of reality is determined by the things we think about, and that the things we think about are limited by the language that exists to describe them
Denotative meaning
The universal or dictionary definitions of words that groups agree on
Connotative meaning
The contextual meaning that we associate with words, meanings thy often express some kind of value beyond the commonly agreed joint definition
Abstract
Refers to intangibles like “honor”/ “love”
Euphemism
A polite and pleasant expression designed to substitute for a term that the sender believes lacks social acceptability
Power language
Conveys your own belief in, and attachment to what you say
Kinesics
Study of body movements including posture, gestures and facial expressions
Emblems
Nonverbal movements that substitute words and verbalizations
Adaptors
Movements that communications engage in, sometimes unconsciously to relive stress and anxiety
Proxemics
The study of the ways in which humans use and manage the space around them as a way of shaping meaning
Intimate distance
The space that extends up to 18 inches away from you
Personal space
The “bubble” that we create around ourselves and claim as our own
Social distance
Space that ranges from 4-12 feet away from you
Public distance
Space that beyond 12 feet away from you
Chronemics
The ways in which communicators use time and the messages they communicate as a result of how they manage their time
Haptics
The use of touch in communication
Paralanguage
Category of nonverbal behavior refers to uses of the voice other than to express words and phrases
Artifacts
Ornaments and adornments displayed on or around a physical personal
Synergy
The “extra energy” created by a high performing team when it interacts and functions well
Groupthink
A team overwhelming motivation to agree and reach consensus and failure to critically evaluate the task or alternative
Social loafing
Situations in which one or more members exert little or not effort to the teams work
Bad apple effect
Poisonous impact of having just one ineffective team member
Stages of teams
- Forming
- Storming
- Norming
- Performing
Reward power
Power associated with the perception that one has the potential for either providing a positive reward in exchange for participation
Coercive power
Power associated with perceptions that a particular individual had the ability to punish them for not cooperating or complying as participants with their requests
Expert power
Power associated with one’s ability to influence others thoughts or behaviors because other members perceive them as competent or creíble
Referent power
Power associated with one’s ability to motivate and influence others because they are well liked
Transformational leadership
A model that illustrates how some leaders inspire and motivate teammates to excel within the team context in committed and passionate ways
Groupware
Software that facilitates collaboration among user working on related tasks
