Into To Communication Pre Assessment Flashcards
4 primary challenges of communication
- Effective communication requires significant intellectual and psychological resources
- Not everyone we encounter will appreciate the value of communication
- We may over rely on digitally mediated communication
- We live in a diverse world where entire cultural understanding can be difficult
Self-serving bias
Attributing successes to some internal positive qualities (intelligence or charm) and blaming the situation when there are failures
Fundamental attribution error
when we attribute other peoples positive characteristics and successes to external situational factors and their negative characteristics and failures to aspects of who they are
Attribution error
Relying on faulty explanations, info, or reasons when interpreting behavior
Intercultural communication
Communication between, and among people and groups across national, ethnic, and other cultural boundaries
Linear model of communication
Reveals the basic components of a simple exchange between two people - illustrates a straightforward process where an individual transmits a mess to another individual
5 Phases of linear communication model -
DETPD
- Decide the message
- Encode the message
- Transmit the message
- Perceive the message
- Decode the message
Transactional model of communication
feedback, along with consideration factors that make accurate decoding of messages difficult on top of the linear communication model
Characteristics of the transactional model of communication
- communicators are simultaneously encoding and decoding messages at all times
- previous interactions play a part in present interactions
- constantly analyzing our interaction partner during the communication
3 principles of perception
- Selection
- Organization
- Interpretation
4 selection principles
- Selective exposure
- Selective attention
- Selective perception
- Selective recall
Selective exposure
Retaining information that reinforces existing beliefs and disregarding information that goes against existing beliefs
Selective attention
Once engaged in an interaction, we focus on certain info and ignore others
Selective perception
The inclination to see hear and believe what we want to
Selective recall
Remembering things that we agree with rather than things that are contrary to our beliefs
Organization
A communicators efforts to group information into meaningful units to make sense out of the info
Figure and ground
figure: foreground/ point of emphasis
ground: background
Closure
Ability to fill in missing information to complete a perception
Proximity
Physical closeness in relation to other info
Similarity
The degree to which something shares with other stimuli
Interpretation
Assigning meaning to stimuli
Waldeck, Kearney, and Plax good story characteristics
- realistic
- have sustainable value
- organized
- interactive
Self-talk
Internal monologue
Self-esteem
confidence in one’s own worth or abilities; self-respect
Self-concept
an idea of the self constructed from the beliefs one holds about oneself and the responses of others
Self-presentation
how people attempt to present themselves to control or shape how others view them
Kinesics
The study of body movements including posture, facial expressions, and gestures
Emblems - K
Nonverbal movements that substitute words and verbalizations - thumbs up
Illustrators - K
Movements that either accompany or reinforce the meaning of a verbal code - shaking your head while saying no
Affect displays - K
Nonverbal movements that reveal emotion - waving your hand to tell someone to get to the point
Adaptors - K
Movements that communicators engage in to relieve stress or anxiety - tapping legs or clicking pens
Proxemics
How humans use and manage the space around them as a way of shaping meaning
Examples of proxemics
Personal space
Social distance
Territoriality
Chronemics
Time perceptions include punctuality and willingness to wait
Haptics
The use of touch in communication
Para language
Pitch, tone, inflection etc
Lean media
Media least capable of facilitating understanding - radio, reports etc
Rich media
Most capable of facilitating understanding - face to face
High power distance
Places high value on social rank and status
Low power distance
Values equality
Individualism
Values people who are assertive and not reliant on others
Collectivism
Values membership
High context communication
Heavily reliant on environmental cues
Low context communication
Requires explicit or clear verbal instructions
Masculinity
Cultures that value competitiveness and achievements - direct and forceful communication is valued
Femininity
Values compassion and nurturing - empathy is important
Mediums capacity for instant feedback
allows communicators to interact, check perceptions, and ask questions
Mediums capacity for communicating multiple cues
sending and receiving facial expressions, tone, and gestures becomes a more powerful tool for effective interaction
Mediums capacity for transmitting natural language
When communicators can use the same kind of language they would use face to face, they can be conversational and engaging
Mediums capacity to express personality and emotion
Messages are always interpreted more accurately when we can express emotion and feeling
Inclusion needs
Our need to feel accepted by or involved with others
Initiating or orientation stage of relationship
Initial stage in which we use communication to initiate encounters with people we are interested in getting to know
Relationship audition
Use of small talk to determine if individuals want to continue pursuing a relationship
Johari window
Model of self disclosure used to help people better understand their relationships with the self and others
What are the 4 quadrants of the Johari Window?
- Open
- Hidden
- Blind
- Unknown
Open - Johari window
Known to self and known to others
Hidden - johari window
Known to self but not known to others
Blind - johari window
Not known to self and not known to others
Unknown - johari window
Not known to self and not known to others
Fundamental Interpersonal Relationship Orientation Theory - FIROT
Based on the belief that when people get together in a group, there are three main interpersonal needs looking to be obtained
What are the 3 FIROT needs?
- Affection/openness
- Control
- Inclusion
What are the 6 relationship maintenance strategies?
POASTU
- Positivity - being courteous
- Openness - expressing needs freely
- Assurances - explicitly and implicitly stressing commitment
- Shared connections - spend time with a shared circle
- Tasks - workload is distributed evenly
- Understanding - communicating in empathetic ways
Information overload
The state of being exposed to more messages than can be cognitively processed at any given time
Personal bias
Learned beliefs, opinions, or attitudes that people are unaware of and often reinforce stereotypes
Polychronic
People who are flexible in terms of starting times for appts and deadlines. They change plans and priorities easily and their style is chaotic and unfocused to others
Default listening
A filter we tend to listen through without thinking about it
Distracted listening
When someone is supposed to be paying attention but is thinking about something else
Pretend listening
The use of body language or cues to show the other person that were engaged while thinking about other things
Passive listening
Receiving messages mindlessly without exerting sufficient effort or maintaining concern for what is being say
Synergy
The “extra energy” created by high performing teams when they interact and function well
Bad apple effect
Poisonous impact of having just one ineffective team member -
Groupthink
A team’s overwhelming motivation to agree and reach consensus and failure to critically evaluate the task or alternatives
Social loafing
Situations in which one or more members exert little to no efforts in the teams work
Tuckman’s 4 stages of group development
- Forming
- Storming
- Norming
- Performing
Forming stage of group development
Team explores and identifies its primary objectives and consider how their goals mesh with other members of the team’s goals. Objectives are often not clear - communication is polite
Storming stage of group development
Team members may openly disagree with one another about roles and defining team goals.
Competition for role status
Norming stage of group development
Individuals resolve conflicts and asume their roles in functional and appropriate ways. Begin to think cohesively
Performing stage of group development
Members do the work necessary to accomplish this he team’s objectives - team is flexible
Monroe’s motivated sequence
Method of structuring and presenting ideas for persuading audiences
Monroe’s 5 motivated sequence steps
- Capture audience attention
- Identify problems or unfulfilled needs
- Propose a solution or plan
- Help audience visualize what satisfaction means to them
- Give an action plan
Informative speech
Centers on talking about people, events, places, or things
Persuasive speech
Seeks to influence the beliefs, attitudes, values, or behaviors
What is an example representing a complete and successful communication of the linear model?
You recognize the team logo on a garment worn by someone encountered in public
John opens his mailbox and finds a letter from my friend. He is on his way to an appointment so he places the letter on the table so he can read it when he returns home.
Which phase of the linear model of communication is being illustrated?
Perceiving
Regulator
Nonverbal messages that accompany speech to control her regulate what the speaker is saying - opening your mouth to speak
What is an example of a situation we’re making a persuasive speech would be appropriate?
Sports journalist needing to present the credentials of a Hall of Fame candidate to a selection committee
