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103: Theme 3 - 304 - Cardiovascular > Intro to Circulation, Perfusion, Blood Pressure > Flashcards

Intro to Circulation, Perfusion, Blood Pressure Flashcards

Lecture 1 and 2

1
Q

Venous Return

A

The rate of blood flowing back to the heart through the veins

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2
Q

Preload

A

the initial stretching of the cardiac myocytes during diastole before the contraction
- this depends on venous return

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3
Q

Volume overload

A

when preload becomes to large

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4
Q

Factors Affecting preload (increased)

A
  • increased Atrial contractility
  • decreased HR
  • increased Aortic pressure
  • increased central venous pressure
  • increased ventricular compliance
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5
Q

Afterload

A

the resistance that the chambers of the heart must overcome during systole

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6
Q

Features of the pulmonary circulation

A
  • High capillary density
  • Low vascular resistance
  • Acts as a blood reservoir
  • Endocrine control of BP (ACE)
  • Acts as a Filter
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7
Q

ACE in the lungs

A

Angiotensin Converting Enzyme, 1 into 2

- located in endothelial cells

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8
Q

The affect of low O2 in a region of the lungs

A
  • the arterioles constrict
  • poor ventilation leads to reduced perfusion
  • this minimises the amount of blood that is poorly oxygenated
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9
Q

Hypertension

A
  • high blood pressure (diastolic)
  • lead to coranry artery disease MI
  • idiopathic causes, hormones (Ang II) and Brain Medulla (NTS)
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10
Q

NTS in hypertension

A

The nucleus of the solitary tract

  • part of the dorsal medulla
  • the first synaptic station for cardiorespiratory afferent inputs
  • neurons in the NTS are essential for the processing of sympathetic and respiratory responses to hypoxia
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11
Q

Chronic Hypertension can lead to

A
  • Stroke
  • Aneurysm
  • MI
  • Kidney failure
  • Heart Failure
  • Cardiac Hypertrophy
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12
Q

Stroke

A

the rapid loss of brain function due to disturbance in blood supply to the brain

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13
Q

Aneurysm

A

a localized, blood filled balloon-like enlargement in the wall of a blood vessel

  • due to weakening structure
  • tearing or ripping of the blood vessel
  • ultimately result in internal haemorrhage
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14
Q

Orthostatic Hypertension

A

low BP on standing to due to low decreased venous return

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15
Q

Cardiogenic Shock

A

critically low perfusion caused by the heart

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16
Q

Compensatory mechanisms of cardiogenic shock

A
  • Tachycardia

- Tachypnoea

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17
Q

Failure to compensate symptoms in cardiogenic shock

A
  • low urine output
  • hypotension
  • confusion
  • confusion
  • syncope
  • acidosis
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18
Q

Perfusion

A

requires a pressure difference in order for flow to occure

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19
Q

Syncope

A
  • fainting, due to insufficient blood to the head, hypotension
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20
Q

Shock

A

Insufficient perfusion

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21
Q

Pulmonary circulation

A
  • from the right heart,

- series flow system

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22
Q

Systemic circulation

A
  • from the left side of the heart
  • parallel branching paths
  • concurrent flow
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23
Q

Pressure and Flow

A

BP= cardiac output x peripheral resistance

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24
Q

action and role of theAorta

A

stretch and recoil, stores energy

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25
Q

role of the Arteries

A

distribute, volume adjust

26
Q

role of the Arterioles

A

regulate caps, resistance set BP & TPR

27
Q

role of the Capillaries

A

Exchange, nutrients,gas,fluid

28
Q

role of the Venules

A

collect blood, some exchange

29
Q

role of the Veins

A

Reservoir for blood, muscle pump

~64% of blood volume

30
Q

Right Ventricle

A
  • thin walled
  • crescent x-section (anterior view)
  • supply only lungs
  • low pressure
  • high perfusion
  • low resistance
31
Q

Left ventricle

A
  • Thick walled
  • Circular x-section from and (anterior view)
  • supplies many organs
  • high pressure
  • variable flow
  • variable resistance
32
Q

Apex Beat

A

apex of the heart moves forward and strikes the chest wall

33
Q

Mitral Valve

A
  • between left atrium and ventricle
  • has 2 leaflets
  • papillary muscle and chordae tendineae prevent eversion of valve flaps
34
Q

AV Valves

A
  • Mitral & tricuspid
  • have papillary fibres to prevent prolapse
  • close during systoles
  • S1: first heart sound (lub)
35
Q

Semilunar valves

A
  • Aortic and Pulmonary valves
  • moon-shaped
  • Close during diastole
  • diastole is longer than systole
  • S2: second heart sound (dub)
36
Q

Blood volume - kidneys

A
  • depends on water intake

NOT formed elements

37
Q

Formed elements

A
  • red/ white blood cells

- platelets

38
Q

Peritubular capillaries

A

small blood vessels that travel alongside the nephrons

- allows reabsorption and secretion between the blood and the lumen of the nephron

39
Q

Glomerular filtration rate

A
  • all the fluid entering all the bowman’s capsules in the kidney
40
Q

Hypoxia, Anoxia, Hypoxemia

A

insufficient O2 supply to a region or to entire body

41
Q

Hypoxemia

A

net low amount of oxygen in arterial blood.

refers to the whole arterial system

42
Q

Ischaemia

A

insufficient blood flow to a region

43
Q

Anoxia

A

no oxygen locally

44
Q

Angina Pectoris: symptom

A

chest pain due to:

- over-exertion or damage to heart tissue

45
Q

Angina Pectoris: Treatment

A

Nitrates, opens blood vessels in the heart

46
Q

Myocardial Infarction: treatment

A
  • Immediate reperfusion (within 2 hours)
  • PCI
  • removing plaque ore thrombus
  • MONA
47
Q

what does MONA stand for and when is it applied

A
  • Morphine
  • Oxygen
  • Nitrates (vasodilation)
    -Aspirin
    treatment for MI
48
Q

what is PCI

A

Percutaneous coronary intervention: balloon angioplasty

49
Q

Syncope

A

loss of consciousness
due to insufficient blood flow to the brain
- Shock
- Arrhythmia

50
Q

Pulse Pressure

A

= P(systolic) - P(diastolic)

the difference between the diastolic and systolic pressure

51
Q

Mean Arterial Pressure

A

= P(diastolic) + [P(systolic) - P(diastolic)]/3

52
Q

Cardiac Output

A

Stroke volume x Heart rate

53
Q

Stroke volume

A

volume of blood pumpes out of a ventricle during one beat of the heart

54
Q

Heart rate

A

reciprocal is RR interval (ECG r-waves)

55
Q

Atrial Systole cardiac cycle fact

A

adds final 20/25% of total to fill the ventricles

56
Q

End Diastolic Volume

A

120ml

- volume of blood in a ventricle at the end of diastole

57
Q

End Systolic Volume

A

50ml

- volume of blood remaining in a ventricle at the end of systole

58
Q

Ejection fraction

A

55-70%

59
Q

Exercise and Vasomotor system

A
  • peripheral vasodilation (skin/muscle)

- Vasoconstriction in the splanchnic circulation

60
Q

Standing up and Vasomotor

A
  • initial drop in BP followed by compensatory recovery
  • Peripheral vasoconstriction
    • arterial + venous
    • increase HR
  • BP no systolic change, diastolic increases
61
Q

Control of Systemic BP

A

Local - endothelial, NO
Neurological- the autonomic system
Humoral - renal/ pituitary/adrenal

62
Q

Shear force

A

the force on the endothelium in the direction of the flow of blood

  • increased by laminar flow
  • atheroprotective

103: Theme 3 - 304 - Cardiovascular (12 decks)

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