Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

103: Theme 3 - 304 - Cardiovascular > How the CVS fails > Flashcards

How the CVS fails Flashcards

1
Q

Ischaemic stroke

A

cerebral blood vessel blockage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Haemorrhagic stroke

A

cerebral blood vessel rupture

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Give stress causes leading to a blood vessel bursting

A
  • high pressure - turbulent blood flow - large diameter/high wall tension - low compliance
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Damage causes of blood vessels bursting

A
  • Trauma i.e transluminal procedures - Atherosclerosis - diabetes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is Atherosclerosis ?

A

a disease process the furring of blood vessel, caused by fat deposits in the lumen of the arteries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Define Compliance

A

change in volume caused by change in pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the causes of turbulent flow?

A
  • high speed - branching - obstacles - low viscosity - branching - mixing
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are the actions of the endothelium?

A
  • Blood vessel tone - Vasodilation - Fluid filtration - Haemostasis - White cell recruitment - Angiogenesis - Hormone trafficking
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is a Myocardial Infarction (MI)

A

a region of the heart that is dead or dying

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Causes of MI

A
  • blocked coronary artery
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Causes of Atherosclerosis

A
  • Hyperlipidemia - Immune action - unknown aetiology
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is Coronary Artery Disease ?

A

disease process in which the arteries of the heart are obstructures

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is a Plaque rupture

A

when the fibrous cap of a plaque bursts open

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Describe the sympathetic activity of MI

A
  • release of adrenaline and noradrenaline
  • this increases the rate and contractility of the heart
  • increases peripheral resistance and increased risk of arrhythmia
  • helps to compensate during heart failure
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

List compensatory mechanisms for MI

A
  • increased HR - increased contractility - increased peripheral resistance - increased risk of arrhythmia
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is Left Heart Failure

A
  • blood building up leading to increased hydrostatic pressure in the pulmonary circulation,leading to pulmonary oedema
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Define Compensation

A
  • maintaining homeostasis of a physiological function despite stressors or malfunction
18
Q

What is Decompensated Heart Failure

A

the failure of the heart to maintain adequate blood circulation after-long standing previously compensated vascular disease

19
Q

Symptoms in decompensated Heart failure

A
  • respiratory distress
20
Q

What is cardiac remodelling, and how can it be reduced?

A
  • growth of cardiac muscle, this can be a compensatory and a pathological process

Reduced by

  • ACE inhibitors: enalapril, captopril
  • Aldosterone Receptor inhibitor (K+ sparing diuretics): spironolactone
  • 3rd gen. Beta lovers: carvedilol
21
Q

Eccentric cardiac remodelling

A

dilatation due to volume overload

22
Q

Concentric cardiac remodelling

A

thickening of cardiac muscles due to pressure overload, ineffective systole

23
Q

Antiduretic Hormone

A
  • secreted from the posterior pitutary
24
Q

What is Aldosterone and how is relevant to cardiovascular function?

A
  • hormone produced in the adrenal cortex that
  • causes kidney to reabsorb more NaCl (and more water)
  • this increases the plasma volume and increases the blood pressure
  • it acts at the collecting ducts of the nephron
  • blocked by spironalactone, used to treat hypertension
  • steroid hormone: mineralocorticoids
25
Q

What is Angiotensin II and what does it do?

A
  • very strong vasoconstrictor
  • increases fluid retention by increasing Na+ reabsorption
  • contributes to ventricular hypertrophy and cardiac remodelling
  • stimulates aldosterone secretion from the adrenal gland
26
Q

Formation of Ang II

A

Angiotensinogen from the kidney ~ enzyme renin in the kidney –> angiotensin I ~ enzyme ACE in the lungs–> Angiotensin II

27
Q

Drug action on the nephrons tubule system

A

-

28
Q

GIve two types of Heart Failure

A
  • Chronic Low output failure
  • Decompensated heart failure
29
Q

Chronic low output

A
  • low cardiac output due to damage - poor survival rate - compensation via increased sympathetic processes
30
Q

Left Heart Failure and it’s symptoms

A
  • The left atrium is too full as the left ventricle isn’t carrying out systole effectively
  • Respiratory symptoms: dyspnoea, orthopnoea and paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnoea
31
Q

Right Heart Failure

A
  • Systemic/ peripheral symptoms
  • increased venous pressure leading to oedema or ascites
32
Q

Symptoms of Heart failure

A
  • fatigue, especially during exercise
  • peripheral oedema
  • dyspnoea/ orthopnoea
33
Q

Cardiogenic shock

A

low perfusion due to low cardiac output

34
Q

Definition of Shock

A
  • the Systolic Blood Pressure goes below 90mmHg
35
Q

What is decompensated Heart Failure and what is the treatment goals?

A

The body deals with heart failure as if it is a haemorrhage

  • the kidney increases the plasma volume, to compensate for poor perfusion of renal tissue
  • leads to fluid overload
  • the heart is unable to pump the extra fluid
  • fluid damning leads to increased venous hydrostatic pressures, further damaging the heart
  • positive feedback loop forms, leading to further damage to the heart
  • capillaries leak fluid into tissues (lung and ankles oedema)

Treatment goals

  • prevent acute decompensated heart failure
  • counteract cardiac remodelling- ACE inhibitors and Beta blocking
  • minimize symptoms
36
Q

Give three processes that might damage a blood vessel rather than damaging the tissue around it

A
  • Intravascular trauma such as PCI
  • Atherosclerosis
  • Diabetes
37
Q

What is Renin and why is relevant to the cardiovascular function?

A
  • An enzyme in the RAA system
  • converts angiotensinogen to angiotensin I which is later converted tot he active form angiotensin II
  • the RAAS activation needs to vasoconstriction and fluid retention which acts to increase blood pressure
  • the antagonist of renin is antihypertensives
38
Q

What is Ascites?

A
  • abnormal filling of fluid in the abdomen
39
Q

What is paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnoea

A
  • severe attack SOB and coughing that usually wakes up the individual in the night (it can be frightening)
40
Q

What are the symptoms of pulmonary oedema?

A
  • dyspnoea
  • paleness
  • excessive sweating
  • hypoxia
41
Q

What are the treatments for heart failure?

A
  • ACE inhibitors
  • Loop diuretics
  • Beta-blockers
  • Angiotensin receptor blockers

Sometimes

  • Aldosterone receptor antagonists (K+ sparing diuretics)

and Digoxin only improves symptoms

42
Q

Name 4 classes of diuretic drugs/

A
  • Thiazide diuretics
  • Loop diuretics
  • Thiazide-like diuretics
  • K+ sparing diuretics

103: Theme 3 - 304 - Cardiovascular (12 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions