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Intro to Chemistry > Intro to Chemistry Chapters 3, 4 & 5 > Flashcards

Intro to Chemistry Chapters 3, 4 & 5 Flashcards

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1
Q

greenhouse effect

A

is the natural process by which atmospheric gases trap a major portion (about 80%) of the infrared radiation radiated by the Earth.

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2
Q

Greenhouse Gases

A

those gases capable of absorbing and trapping infrared radiation, thereby warming the atmosphere. Examples include water vapor, carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, ozone, and chlorofluorocarbons.

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3
Q

Enhanced Greenhouse Effect

A

the process in which atmospheric gases trap and return more than 80% of the heat energy radiated by the Earth.

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4
Q

Global Warming

A

the increase in average global temperatures that results from an enhanced greenhouse effect

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5
Q

Anthropogenic

A

human activities, such as industry, transportation, mining, and agriculture.

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6
Q

Fossil Fuels

A

combustible substances derived from the remnants of prehistoric organisms, the most common of which are coal, petroleum, and natural gas.

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7
Q

Tetrahedron

A

a four-cornered geometric shape with four equal triangular sides, sometimes called a triangular pyramid

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8
Q

Carbon Sinks

A

natural processes that remove CO2 from the atmosphere.

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9
Q

Atomic Mass

A

is the sum of the masses of the protons, neutrons, and electrons in an atom, or the average mass, in a group of atoms.

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10
Q

Avogadro’s number

A

number of units in one mole of any substance (defined as its molecular weight in grams), equal to 6.02214129 × 1023

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11
Q

Mole

A

defined as containing an Avogadro’s number of objects

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12
Q

Molar Mass

A

is the mass of one Avogadro’s number, or mole, of whatever particles are specified.

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13
Q

global atmospheric lifetime

A

characterizes the time required for a gas added to the atmosphere to be removed.

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14
Q

global warming potential (GWP)

A

a number that represents the relative contribution of a molecule of the atmospheric gas to global warming

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15
Q

anaerobic bacteria

A

those that can function without the use of molecular oxygen

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16
Q

radiative forcings

A

factors (both natural and anthropogenic) that influence the balance of Earth’s incoming and outgoing radiation

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17
Q

albedo

A

a measure of the reflectivity of a surface, the ratio of electromagnetic radiation reflected from a surface relative to the amount of radiation incident on it

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18
Q

carbon footprint

A

an estimate of the amount of CO2 and other greenhouse gas emissions in a given time frame, usually a year

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19
Q

Weather

A

includes the daily highs and lows, the drizzles and downpours, the blizzards and heat waves, and the fall breezes and hot summer winds, all of which have relatively short durations. Contrast with climate.

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20
Q

Climate

A

a term that describes regional temperatures, humidity, winds, rain, and snowfall over decades, not days. Contrast with weather

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21
Q

Climate Mitigation

A

is any action taken to permanently eliminate or reduce the long-term risk and hazards of climate change to human life, property, or the environment.

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22
Q

Carbon capture and storage (CCS)

A

the process of separating CO2 from other combustion products and storing (sequestering) it in a variety of geologic locations

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23
Q

Climate Adaptation

A

refers to the ability of a system to adjust to climate change (including climate variability and extremes) to moderate potential damage, to take advantage of opportunities, or to cope with the consequences.

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24
Q

Combustion

A

is the chemical process of burning; that is, the rapid combination of fuel with oxygen to release energy in the form of heat and light

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25
Q

Potential Energy

A

stored energy or the energy of position

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26
Q

Kinetic Energy

A

the energy of motion

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27
Q

first law of thermodynamics

A

also called the law of conservation of energy, states that energy is neither created nor destroyed.

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28
Q

Calorie

A

the amount of heat necessary to raise the temperature of one gram of water by one degree Celsius.

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29
Q

Joule (J)

A

a unit of energy equal to 0.239 cal

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30
Q

Entropy

A

a measure of how much energy gets dispersed in a given process

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31
Q

second law of thermodynamics

A

that the entropy of the universe is constantly increasing

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32
Q

Hydrocarbons

A

compounds that consist only of the elements hydrogen and carbon.

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33
Q

Alkanes

A

hydrocarbons with only single bonds between carbon atoms

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34
Q

Temperature

A

a measure of the average kinetic energy of the atoms and/or molecules present in a substance.

35
Q

Heat

A

is the kinetic energy that flows from a hotter object to a colder one

36
Q

Calorimeter

A

a device used to experimentally measure the quantity of heat energy released in a combustion reaction.

37
Q

Heat of Combustion

A

the quantity of heat energy given off when a specified amount of a substance burns in oxygen

38
Q

Exothermic

A

a term applied to any chemical or physical change accompanied by the release of heat.

39
Q

Endothermic

A

the term applied to any chemical or physical change that absorbs energy

40
Q

Bond Energy

A

the amount of energy that must be absorbed to break a specific chemical bond.

41
Q

Thermal Cracking

A

a process that breaks large hydrocarbon molecules into smaller ones by heating them to a high temperature,

42
Q

Catalytic Cracking

A

a process in which catalysts are used to crack larger hydrocarbon molecules into smaller ones at relatively low temperatures, thus reducing energy use

43
Q

Catalytic Reforming

A

the atoms within a molecule are rearranged, usually starting with linear molecules and producing ones with more branches.

44
Q

Isomers

A

Molecules with the same molecular formula but with different chemical structures and different properties

45
Q

oxygenated gasolines

A

blends of petroleum-derived hydrocarbons with added oxygen-containing compounds such as MTBE, ethanol, or methanol (CH3OH)

46
Q

reformulated gasolines (RFGs)

A

oxygenated gasolines that also contain a lower percentage of certain more volatile hydrocarbons found in nonoxygenated conventional gasoline.

47
Q

Activation Energy

A

The energy necessary to initiate a chemical reaction

48
Q

Biofuels

A

the generic term for renewable fuels derived from plant matter such as trees, grasses, agricultural crops, or other biological material.

49
Q

Cellulosic ethanol

A

is the ethanol produced from corn stalks, switchgrass, wood chips, and other materials that are nonedible by humans.

50
Q

polar covalent bond

A

a covalent bond in which the electrons are not equally shared but rather are closer to the more electronegative atom. A polar covalent bond is an example of an

51
Q

intramolecular force

A

a force that exists within a molecule.

52
Q

intermolecular force

A

a force that occurs between molecules.

53
Q

hydrogen bond.

A

an electrostatic attraction between a H atom bonded to a highly electronegative atom (O, N, or F) and a neighboring O, N, or F atom, either in another molecule or in a different part of the same molecule

54
Q

Density

A

the mass per unit volume,

55
Q

Specific heat

A

is the quantity of heat energy that must be absorbed to increase the temperature of 1 gram of a substance by 1 °C

56
Q

Potable Water

A

water that is safe to drink and to cook with.

57
Q

Water Footprint

A

an estimate (for an individual or a nation) of the amount of water required to sustain the consumption of goods and services

58
Q

Surface Water

A

the fresh water found in lakes, rivers, and streams

59
Q

Ground Water

A

fresh water found in underground reservoirs also known as aquifers.

60
Q

Solvent

A

a substance, often a liquid, that is capable of dissolving one or more pure substances. The solid, liquid, or gas that dissolves in a solvent

61
Q

Solution

A

a homogeneous (of uniform composition) mixture of a solvent and one or more solutes

62
Q

aqueous solutions

A

solutions in which water is the solvent

63
Q

Concentration

A

he amount of solute to the amount of solution

64
Q

Molarity (M)

A

a unit of concentration represented by the number of moles of solute present in 1 liter of solution.

65
Q

volumetric flask

A

a type of glassware that contains a precise amount of solution when filled to the mark on its neck.

66
Q

conductivity meter

A

an apparatus that produces a signal to indicate that electricity is being conducted

67
Q

nonelectrolyte

A

a solute that is nonconducting in aqueous solutions

68
Q

electrolyte

A

a solute that conducts electricity in aqueous solution

69
Q

ion

A

an atom or group of atoms that has acquired a net electric charge as a result of gaining or losing one or more electrons

70
Q

cation

A

a positively charged ion

71
Q

anion

A

a negatively charged ion

72
Q

ionic bond

A

the chemical bond formed when oppositely charged ions attract

73
Q

ionic compound

A

composed of ions that are present in fixed proportions and arranged in a regular, geometric structure.

74
Q

polyatomic ion

A

two or more atoms covalently bound together that have an overall positive or negative charge.

75
Q

surfactants

A

compounds that help polar and nonpolar compounds to mix, sometimes called “wetting agents.

76
Q

biomagnification

A

the increase in concentration of certain persistent chemicals in successively higher levels of a food chain.

77
Q

maximum contaminant level goal (MCLG)

A

the maximum level of a contaminant in drinking water at which no known or anticipated adverse effect on human health would occur.

78
Q

maximum contaminant level (MCL)

A

the legal limit for the concentration of a contaminant expressed in parts per million or parts per billion.

79
Q

Residual chlorine

A

refers to the chlorine-containing chemicals that remain in the water after the chlorination step. These include hypochlorous acid (HClO), the hypochlorite ion (ClO−), and dissolved elemental chlorine (Cl2).

80
Q

rihalomethanes (THMs)

A

are compounds such as CHCl3 (chloroform), CHBr3 (bromoform), CHBrCl2 (bromodichloromethane), and CHBr2Cl (dibromochloromethane) that form from the reaction of chlorine or bromine with organic matter in drinking water. Like HClO, hypobromous acid (HBrO) used to disinfect spa tubs can generate trihalomethanes.

81
Q

Biological oxygen demand (BOD)

A

is a measure of the amount of dissolved oxygen microorganisms use up as they decompose organic wastes found in water.

82
Q

Osmosis

A

is the passage of water through a semipermeable membrane from a solution that is less concentrated to a solution that is more concentrated.

83
Q

Reverse osmosis

A

uses pressure to force the movement of water through a semipermeable membrane from a solution that is more concentrated to a solution that is less concentrated.

Intro to Chemistry (2 decks)

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