Intro to cellular pathology

Question 1

What are cells?

Answer 1

• Living, more or less self-sufficient entities that may form more complex structure

Question 2

What are tissues?

Answer 2

• Interwoven masses of cells and extra cellular material

Question 3

What is histology the study of?

Answer 3

• Study of tissues and their structure

Question 4

What is the 4 different level of organization?

Answer 4

○ Tissue structure-How cells combine together with extracellular material and each other to form tissue
○ Cellular structure-How a cell is shaped and how the components inside cells are organized to support that cells specific function
○ Sub-cellular structure-Detailed analysis of organelles and inclusions
○ Histochemical structure-Molecular analysis of cellular structure

Question 5

What is histopathology the study for?

Answer 5

Study of tissues affected by disease

Question 6

Why is hisopathology useful in?

Answer 6

• Useful in making a diagnosis and in determining the severity and progression of a disease

Question 7

What are epithelial cells made of?

Answer 7

Made of cells arranged in a continuous sheet with one or more layers

Question 8

What do epithelial tissue have?

Answer 8

Have apical and basal surfaces

Question 9

What does the basement membrane do?

Answer 9

○ Basement membrane separates epithelial layer from the underlying connective tissue

Question 10

What are the two types of epithelial tissues?

Answer 10

§ Covering and lining epithelia

§ Glandular epithelium(endocrine and exocrine)

Question 11

What is used to classify epithelium?

Answer 11

§ Number of cell layers and shape of the cells in the top layer are used to classify epithelium

Question 12

Classification of epithelial tissue

Answer 12

§ Number and distribution of cell layers
□ Simple epithelium- One cell layer
□ Stratified epithelium-two or more cell layers
□ Pseudostratified epithelium-Cells are anchored to the basement membrane but not all cells reach the apical surface
§ Shape of the top layer of cells
□ Cuboidal, columnar, squamous

Question 13

Where are simple cuboidal epithelial tissue found?

Answer 13

In renal collecting ducts

Question 14

Where are stratified cuboidal epithelial tissue found?

Answer 14

Lining of ducts of mammary gland

Question 15

Where are pseudostratified columnar epithelial tissue found?

Answer 15

Lining of the epithelium of the trachea

Question 16

What different cell types does connective tissue contain?

Answer 16

• Contain different cell types including:
	○ Fibroblasts
	○ Macrophages
	○ Mast cells
           Adipocytes

Question 17

What two materials is connective tissue made up of?

Answer 17

○ Ground substances like proteins and polysaccharides

Fibres

Question 18

What are loose connective tissues?

Answer 18

fibres and many cell types in gelatinous matrix, found in skin and surrounding

Question 19

What are dense connective tissue?

Answer 19

Bundles of parallel collagen fibres and fibroblasts found in tendons and ligaments

Question 20

What type of tissue is cartilage?

Answer 20

Specialised connective tissue

Question 21

What components is collagen tissue made up of?

Answer 21

§ Collagen and elastin fibres embedded in a matrix of glycoproteins
§ Chondrocytes

Question 22

Hyaline cartilage

Answer 22

§ Weakest
§ Most abundant

Found at the end of long bones, ears and nose

Question 23

Elastic cartilage

Answer 23

§ Maintains shape

§ Branching elastic fibres distinguish it from hyaline

Question 24

Fibrous cartilage

Answer 24

§ Strongest type
§ Dense collagen
§ Little matrix
§ Found in pelvis, skull and vertebral skull

Question 25

What cells is bones composed of?

Answer 25

§ Composed of bone cells
§ Osteoprogenitor cells
§ Osteoblasts
§ Osteocytes 
§ Osteoclasts

Question 26

What are the two bone development methods?

Answer 26

§ Bone development can be:
	□ Membranous
			® In flat bones, clavicle or mandible
	□ Endochondral
			® In limbs and vertebral column bones

Question 27

Mature bone may be:…

Answer 27

□ Compact:
® Concentric circular layers organised in lancunae and a central canal
□ Trabecular
® Slender interlacting parallel lamellae with marrow within the spaces

Question 28

Skeletal muscle

Answer 28

○ Voluntary
○ Striated
○ Striations perpendicular to the muscle fibres
○ Mainly found attached to bones
○ Forms lined up banding pattern from one cell to another when observed longitudinally

Question 29

Cardiac muscle

Answer 29

○ Involuntary
○ Striated
○ Branched and has intercalated discs
○ Cells smaller than skeletal muscle
○ Nuclei centrally located

Question 30

Smooth muscle

Answer 30

○ Involuntary
○ Non-striated
○ Spindle shaped
○ Found in blood Vessels and GI tract
○ Have fusiform shape
○ Nuclei observed in different positions

Question 31

What do the nerve tissue constitute of

Answer 31

• Constitutes CNS and PNS

Question 32

What do nerve tissue consist of?

Answer 32

Consists of two main functional cell types:
○ Neurons
○ Neuroglia
§ Collection of different cell types with supportive role
§ Made up of astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, ependymal cells and microglia in CNS and schwann cells and satellite cells in PNS

Question 33

What are neurons made up of?

Answer 33

○ Made up of cell body, axon and dendrites

Question 34

What does the motor neuron do?

Answer 34

§ Carry impulses from CNS to muscles and glands

Question 35

What does interneuron do?

Answer 35

Interpret input from sensory neurons and end responses to motor neurones

Question 36

What does the sensory neurone do?

Answer 36

§ Receive information from environment and transmit to CNS