Intro to cellular pathology Flashcards
What are cells?
• Living, more or less self-sufficient entities that may form more complex structure
What are tissues?
• Interwoven masses of cells and extra cellular material
What is histology the study of?
• Study of tissues and their structure
What is the 4 different level of organization?
○ Tissue structure-How cells combine together with extracellular material and each other to form tissue
○ Cellular structure-How a cell is shaped and how the components inside cells are organized to support that cells specific function
○ Sub-cellular structure-Detailed analysis of organelles and inclusions
○ Histochemical structure-Molecular analysis of cellular structure
What is histopathology the study for?
Study of tissues affected by disease
Why is hisopathology useful in?
• Useful in making a diagnosis and in determining the severity and progression of a disease
What are epithelial cells made of?
Made of cells arranged in a continuous sheet with one or more layers
What do epithelial tissue have?
Have apical and basal surfaces
What does the basement membrane do?
○ Basement membrane separates epithelial layer from the underlying connective tissue
What are the two types of epithelial tissues?
§ Covering and lining epithelia
§ Glandular epithelium(endocrine and exocrine)
What is used to classify epithelium?
§ Number of cell layers and shape of the cells in the top layer are used to classify epithelium
Classification of epithelial tissue
§ Number and distribution of cell layers
□ Simple epithelium- One cell layer
□ Stratified epithelium-two or more cell layers
□ Pseudostratified epithelium-Cells are anchored to the basement membrane but not all cells reach the apical surface
§ Shape of the top layer of cells
□ Cuboidal, columnar, squamous
Where are simple cuboidal epithelial tissue found?
In renal collecting ducts
Where are stratified cuboidal epithelial tissue found?
Lining of ducts of mammary gland
Where are pseudostratified columnar epithelial tissue found?
Lining of the epithelium of the trachea
What different cell types does connective tissue contain?
• Contain different cell types including:
○ Fibroblasts
○ Macrophages
○ Mast cells
AdipocytesWhat two materials is connective tissue made up of?
○ Ground substances like proteins and polysaccharides
Fibres
What are loose connective tissues?
fibres and many cell types in gelatinous matrix, found in skin and surrounding
What are dense connective tissue?
Bundles of parallel collagen fibres and fibroblasts found in tendons and ligaments
What type of tissue is cartilage?
Specialised connective tissue
What components is collagen tissue made up of?
§ Collagen and elastin fibres embedded in a matrix of glycoproteins
§ Chondrocytes
Hyaline cartilage
§ Weakest
§ Most abundant
Found at the end of long bones, ears and nose
Elastic cartilage
§ Maintains shape
§ Branching elastic fibres distinguish it from hyaline
Fibrous cartilage
§ Strongest type
§ Dense collagen
§ Little matrix
§ Found in pelvis, skull and vertebral skull
What cells is bones composed of?
§ Composed of bone cells § Osteoprogenitor cells § Osteoblasts § Osteocytes § Osteoclasts
What are the two bone development methods?
§ Bone development can be: □ Membranous ® In flat bones, clavicle or mandible □ Endochondral ® In limbs and vertebral column bones
Mature bone may be:…
□ Compact:
® Concentric circular layers organised in lancunae and a central canal
□ Trabecular
® Slender interlacting parallel lamellae with marrow within the spaces
Skeletal muscle
○ Voluntary
○ Striated
○ Striations perpendicular to the muscle fibres
○ Mainly found attached to bones
○ Forms lined up banding pattern from one cell to another when observed longitudinally
Cardiac muscle
○ Involuntary ○ Striated ○ Branched and has intercalated discs ○ Cells smaller than skeletal muscle ○ Nuclei centrally located
Smooth muscle
○ Involuntary ○ Non-striated ○ Spindle shaped ○ Found in blood Vessels and GI tract ○ Have fusiform shape ○ Nuclei observed in different positions
What do the nerve tissue constitute of
• Constitutes CNS and PNS
What do nerve tissue consist of?
Consists of two main functional cell types:
○ Neurons
○ Neuroglia
§ Collection of different cell types with supportive role
§ Made up of astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, ependymal cells and microglia in CNS and schwann cells and satellite cells in PNS
What are neurons made up of?
○ Made up of cell body, axon and dendrites
What does the motor neuron do?
§ Carry impulses from CNS to muscles and glands
What does interneuron do?
Interpret input from sensory neurons and end responses to motor neurones
What does the sensory neurone do?
§ Receive information from environment and transmit to CNS
