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Fundamentals of pathology > Into to structure and function of blood > Flashcards

Into to structure and function of blood Flashcards

1
Q

What is pathology?

A

Pathology is the study of suffering

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2
Q

What is blood made up of?

A 
Plasma
Cells:
White
Red
Platelets
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3
Q

What happens to blood after centrifugation?

A
  • Red cells at bottom of cuvette
  • Plasma at top

Buffy coat in the middle (White cells)

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4
Q

What are red blood cells also known as?

A

Also known as erythrocytes

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5
Q

Shape of red blood cells

A

Biconcave discs

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6
Q

What do red blood cells not have?

A

No nucleus, DNA RNA or mitochondria

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7
Q

What is the major constituent in red blood cells and what does it do?

A

Major constituent is Hb

Hb binds oxygen and carries it from lungs to tissue

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8
Q

What is the average life span of RBC’s?

A

120 days

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9
Q

What is the diameter of RBC?

A

Diameter is 8um

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10
Q

What is the thickness of RBC

A

2um

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11
Q

What are white blood cells also known as?

A

Also known as leukocytes

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12
Q

What is the colour of white blood cells?

A

Colourless

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13
Q

What are the two most common white blood cells?

A

Two most common white blood cells:
Neutrophils
Leukocytes

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14
Q

Comment on the nucleus of neutrophils and what does that mean

A

Polymorphonuclear

Irregular, multi-lobed nucleus

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15
Q

What are granulocytes?

A

WBC which Contain granules

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16
Q

What are the three type of granulocytes?

A

Neutrophil
Eosinophil
Basophil

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17
Q

Neutrophils

A

Commonest WBC

Weakly staining granules

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18
Q

Eosinophil

A

Granules stained red with eosin

1-4% of WBC

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19
Q

Basophil

A

Granules stain blue with basic dye

<0.5% of WBC

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20
Q

What do mononuclear cells lack?

A

Lack granules

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21
Q

Comment on the nuclei of mononuclear cells?

A

Large, regular nuclei

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22
Q

What are the types of mononuclear cells?

A

Monocytes(Largest WBC)

Lymphocytes

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23
Q

What are platelets also known as?

A

Also known as thrombocytes

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24
Q

What type of fragments are platelets?

A

Cytoplasmic fragments

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25
Q

What do platelets not have?

A

No nucleus

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26
Q

Comment on membrane platelets

A

Are membrane bound

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27
Q

What do platelets contain?

A

Granules

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28
Q

What is the role of platelets and the steps involved?

A 
Major role in haemostasis
○ Recognise damage at blood vessel wall
○ Form a platelet plug
		§ Fibrinogen converted to fibrin by thrombin
		§ Clotting factors control process
		§ Fibrin clot reinforces primary platelet plug
○ Prevent/stop bleeding
		§ However insecure and temporary
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29
Q

Where are mature blood cells produced?

A

Mature blood cells produces from stem cells in bone marrow

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30
Q

What does the bone marrow contain?

A

Contains many immature cells

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31
Q

What are some blood diseases treated by?

A

Some blood diseases treated by bone marrow transplantation

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32
Q

What is the plasma and what does it contain?

A 
Plasma is a fluid containing:
		○ Water
		○ Salts
		○ Proteins
		○ Organic molecules:
			§ Metabolites
			§ Carbohydrates
                           Lipids
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33
Q

What is serum?

A

Fluid left after blood clotting

34
Q

What do some blood tests require and what is used?

A

• Some blood tests requires unclotted blood

Anticoagulants used like EDTA

35
Q

What do other test work better than?

A

Other tests work better with serum than plasma

36
Q

What percentage of plasma is protein?

A

7-9% of plasma is protein

37
Q

Comment on plasma protein

A

Complex-Thousands of different proteins

38
Q

What percentage of plasma proteins is a single protein?

A

But >90% is a single protein: albumin

39
Q

What is the function of blood?

A

• Transport
• Defence
Homeostasis

40
Q

What does blood carry?

A

Carry oxygen/nutrients to tissues

41
Q

What does blood remove?

A

Removes CO2 from tissue

42
Q

What type of substances does blood transport?

A

Transport substances like hormones from there site of production to their site of action

43
Q

How do most erythrocytes carry CO2?

A

Most CO2 carried as bicarbonate in plasma

44
Q

What enzyme helps with the transportation of CO2?

A

○ Red cell enzyme, carbonic anhydrase helps CO2
§ To dissolve in plasma in the tissues
§ Come out of solution in the lungs

45
Q

What type of substances does plasma carry?

A

Plasma proteins carry substances which are poorly soluble in water like lipids and metal ions

46
Q

What is albumin?

A

A general purpose carrier

47
Q

Examples of specialised carriers

A

TBG

Transferrin

48
Q

What cells are involved in immunity?

A

WBC and plasma protein

49
Q

What cells are involved in clotting?

A

Platelets and plasma proteins

50
Q

Types of WBC

A 
Neutrophils
Lymphocytes
Eosinophils
Basophils
Monocytes
51
Q

Neutrophils

A

§ Phagocytose and kill bacteria and fungi

Main mediators of innate immunity

52
Q

Lymphocytes

A

§ Main mediators of adaptive immunity
§ Produce antibodies

Kill virus infected cells

53
Q

Eosinophils

A

Kill parasites

Involved in allergic responses

54
Q

Basophils

A

Kill parasites
Involved in allergic responses
Involved in inflammation

55
Q

Monocytes

A

Phagocytosis of dead cells and pathogens

56
Q

Two types of plasma-immune defence

A

Immunoglobins

Complement proteins

57
Q

Immunoglobins

A

§ Made by B-lymphocytes

Act as antibodies against pathogens

58
Q

Complement proteins

A

§ Kill bacteria and other pathogens

Cooperate with Ig and WBC

59
Q

What is homeostasis?

A

Keeping internal environment of the body constant

60
Q

What pH is maintained?

A

Maintaining pH at 7.4

61
Q

What does homeostasis control distribution of?

A

Controlling distribution of water and solutes

Distributing heat

62
Q

What is homeostasis disturbed by?

A 
Disturbed by the disorders of:
		○ Kidney 
		○ Liver
		○ Lungs 
		○ Cardiovascular system
		○ Endocrine organs
63
Q

How is kidney function checked?

A

Kidney function checked by analysis of urea and electrolytes

64
Q

What analysis is required for diagnosis and treatment?

A

Plasma analysis required for diagnosis and treatment

65
Q

What is total blood volume?

A

5 litres

66
Q

What is total plasma volume?

A

2.5-3 litres

67
Q

What is haemoglobin made up of?

A

Made up of 2 alpha and 2 beta globin chains

68
Q

What does each globin chain in Hb carry?

A

Each globin chain carries a haem molecule

69
Q

What does haem hold?

A

Haem holds a Fe2+ atom

70
Q

How does oxygen bind to Iron?

A

Oxygen binds reversibly to iron atom by coordination bond

71
Q

What colour is oxyhemoglobin?

A

Bright red

72
Q

What colour is Deoxyhaemoglobin?

A

Dark red

73
Q

How many Hb molecules in each RBC and how much space does it take up ?

A

• About 300,000,000 Hb molecules in each RBC

V.high concentration taking up 50% of space in a red cell

74
Q

What does pulse oximetry measure and determine?

A

• Measures colour of haemoglobin

Determines if patient is hypoxic

75
Q

What is haematocrit also known as?

A

Also known as packed cell volume

76
Q

How to calculate haematocrit ratio

A

Volume of cells/ total volume

77
Q

What is the normal haematocrit value?

A

Normal value about 0.4-0.5

78
Q

Full blood count includes

A 
○ Hb concentration in g/l
			§ Used to diagnose anaemia
		○ Mean red cell volume
		○ Mean red cell haemoglobin content
			§ How much Hb in each red cell
		○ Help to diagnose anaemia
		○ Total WBC count
			§ Neutrophil and lymphocyte count
Important for diagnosing infection
79
Q

What does a LFT’s blood test include?

A

○ Albumin concentration
○ Liver enzymes
Clotting factors

80
Q

What does urea and electrolytes blood test for?

A

○ Test kidney function

○ And metabolic abnormalities

81
Q

What is Blood glucose blood test for?

A

Test for diabetes mellitus

82
Q

What is a lipid profile blood test for?

A

○ Triglycerides
○ Cholesterol
○ LDL and HDL
○ Important to identify cardiovascular disease

Fundamentals of pathology (8 decks)

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