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BDS1 Molecules and Cells > Intro to cells > Flashcards

Intro to cells Flashcards

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Organic Chemistry 101 flashcards
1
Q

What do ALL cell types possess?

A
  • Cell membrane
  • DNA
  • Cytoplasm
  • Ribosomes
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2
Q

What are Prokaryotic cells?

A

Small and relatively simple in internal structure and have no-membrane bound organelles and no true nucleus

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3
Q

What are Eukaryotic cells?

A

Larger and more complex than prokaryotic cells

Are found in higher animals and plants and contain a nucleus

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4
Q

What are the 4 features of a cell membrane?

A
  • Semi-permeable barrier
  • Retains most organically produced chemical inside cell
  • allows a few molecules across - diffusion, osmosis, active transport
  • Communication - receptors on cell surface
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5
Q

what is the most common molecule in the cell membrane?

A

Phospholipid

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6
Q

What is cholesterol’s role in the cell membrane?

A

Provides membrane integrity - prevents lysis

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7
Q

What is proteins role in the cell membrane?

A

Gateway that allows certain molecules into and out of the cell

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8
Q

What are the 2 pathologies of cell membranes?

A
  • Sickle cell anaemia
  • Thalassemia
    (both caused by defects in haemoglobin)
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9
Q

Which type of cell contains a nucleus?

A

Eukaryotic cells

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10
Q

Where is DNA largely restricted to?

A

The nucleus

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11
Q

What does the nuclear envelope do?

A

Allows RNA and other chemicals to pass through the membrane - but NOT DNA

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12
Q

The area where ribosomes are constructed?

A

The nucleolus

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13
Q

Where is the site of transcription?

A

The nucleus

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14
Q

What type of cell are ribosomes found?

A

BOTH prokaryotes and eukaryotes

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15
Q

Which is larger: eukaryotic ribosomes or prokaryotic ribosomes?

A

Eukaryotic ribosomes

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16
Q

What is the structure of a ribosome?

A

A small and a larger subunit

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17
Q

What is the main role of a ribosome?

A

Protein translation

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18
Q

What is a common Ribosomopathies?

A

Treacher Collins Syndrome - Abnormal craniofacial development

19
Q

What is the main function of the endoplasmic reticulum?

A

Protein synthesis and transport

20
Q

Where does the rough endoplasmic reticulum connect to?

A

The nuclear envelope - mRNA is converted to peptide and passed on to rough ER

21
Q

What is the key function of the ROUGH endoplasmic reticulum?

A

Protein modification and production: lysosomal enzymes, secreted proteins, integral membrane proteins

22
Q

What happens during protein modification and production in the rough ER?

A
  • correct folding: important for function
  • Appropriately ‘tagged’ for distribution throughout cell
  • Post-translational modifications: structure and function
23
Q

What is the main function of the SMOOTH endoplasmic reticulum?

A

Manufacture of lipids - specialised functions:

  • Liver: glycogen broken down to glucose
  • Adrenal cortex: steroid hormone production
  • Muscle: Calcium storage in the sarcoplasmic reticulum. Contraction of muscle cells triggered by the orderly release of calcium ions
24
Q

What is meant by the SMOOTH ER ‘detox stop’?

A

The smooth ER detoxifies a number of organic chemicals, converting them into safer water-soluble products

25
Q

What is ER dysfunction describes as?

A

Defective folding and processing of proteins

26
Q

Name 3 Neurodegenerative disorders associated with ER dysfunction?

A
  • Alzheimer’s
  • Parkinson’s
  • Epilepsy
27
Q

What is ER dysfunction associated with?

A

Ageing

28
Q

How do correctly folded proteins move from the ER to the Golgi apparatus?

A

Via transport vesicles

29
Q

What are the functions of the Golgi apparatus?

A
  • Further modifies proteins
  • Stores proteins
  • Packages proteins
    (thought of as the ‘post office’ of the cell)
30
Q

What does impaired trafficking of proteins through the Golgi apparatus cause?

A

Hypomyelinating disorders e.g. cataract

31
Q

What does impaired post-translational capacity in the Golgi apparatus cause?

A
  • Defective glycosylation disorders

- wide spectrum of pathologies that affect multiple organs

32
Q

What does functionality loss due to mutations in proteins that make up the Golgi apparatus cause?

A

Muscular Dystrophy

33
Q

What are Vacuoles?

A
  • Used as storage areas

- Formed by the fusion of numerous vesicles

34
Q

What are vesicles?

A
  • Much smaller than vacuoles

- Function is transport, within and outside of the cell

35
Q

What are lysosomes?

A
  • Large vesicles formed by the Golgi
  • Contain hydrolytic enzymes that can destroy the cell
  • Function in the breakdown of extracellular materials
36
Q

What is the function of mitochondria?

A

Site of ENERGY RELEASE and ATP formation - The mitochondria is the POWERHOUSE of the cell

37
Q

What are the 2 membranes of the mitochondria?

A
  • Outer - smooth and sieve like

- Inner - folded into CRISTAE: the surfaces on which ATP is generated

38
Q

Name some diseases that mitochondrial dysfunction is associated with?

A
  • Alzheimer’s
  • Parkinson’s
  • Diabetes
  • Stroke
  • Cancer
39
Q

What is the cytoplasm?

A

The material between the cell membrane and the nuclear envelope

40
Q

What is the function of the cytoplasm?

A

Transport of materials around the cell: cytoplasmic streaming

41
Q

What are the functions of the cytoskeleton?

A
  • Maintains shape of cell
  • Anchors organelles
  • Moves cell
  • Controls internal movement of organelles
42
Q

What do actin monomers do?

A
  • Maintain cell shape
  • Muscle contraction
  • Cytoplasmic streaming
  • Cell division
43
Q

What do Intermediate filaments do?

A
  • Maintain cell shape
  • Anchor nucleus
  • Nuclear lamina
44
Q

What do microtubules do?

A
  • Cell motility
  • Chromosome movement
  • Organelle movement

BDS1 Molecules and Cells (14 decks)

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