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Cell Biology > Intro to cell > Flashcards

Intro to cell Flashcards

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1
Q

What % of our body is fluid and how much is intra vs extracellular component?

A
  • 60% of our body weight is fluid
  • 2/3 is intracellular and 1/3 is extra cellular
  • Evolutionary cells were mechanism for holding and transporting fluids inside and outside of cell.
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2
Q

What is the major protein in blood plasma?

A

albumin

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3
Q

What is the difference between paracrine and autocrine?

A 
Paracrine = cell releases substance that affects other nearby cells.
Autocrine = cell releases substance that binds to receptors of the same cell affecting the very own cell that released the substance.
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4
Q

What is membrane leak and how does it affect the cell?

A

Membrane leak is when there are pores in the cell membrane that allows water into the cell with Na and K out of the cell, causing the cell to burst.

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5
Q

Why can’t water move through cell membrane?

A

Cell is 70-85% water, so it has a polar charge. Due to the polar charge, water molecule is limited to entry into cell compared to alcohol which is non polar and can easily pass through the cell membrane.

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6
Q

Which Ions have the higher concentration in extracellular space and how much?

A 
Na = highest concentration in EC with 142 mEq/L
Cl = 103 mEq/L
Ca = 2.4 mEq/L
Bicarb = 28 mEq/L
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7
Q

Which Ions have higher concentration in intracellular space and how much?

A 
K = Highest concentration in IC with 140 mEq/L and EC with 4 mEq/L
Mg = IC with 4 mEq/L,  EC with 1.2 mEq/L
Phosphate = IC of 10 mEq/L,  EC of 4 mEq/L
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8
Q

What are the differences between functional and structural proteins? Include examples

A

Proteins are created by cells to function. Functional proteins function to help, such as enzymes which help increase speed of reaction by decreasing energy required to turn substrate into product. Structural proteins are proteins that help cells hold their shape, such as filaments and cytoskeleton in a neuron cell.

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9
Q

What is the function of lipids (phospholipids) in cell membrane?

A

To create specific compartments and concentration gradient through selective permeability and surface for receptors for cells signaling.

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10
Q

What is the composition of the cell membrane?

A 
50% = protein
25% = phospholipids
13% = cholesterol
4% = other lipids
3% = carbohydrates
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11
Q

What are the different types of proteins on the cell membrane?

A 
Integral= protrude through both layers of the membrane. Ex. channels, carrier protein, receptor protein
Peripheral= doesn't protrude through, function for cell to cell recognition.
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12
Q

How does Beta cell produce insulin in response to high glucose outside the cell?

A

Glucose diffuses in the cell through Glut2 channel–> glycolysis outside of mitochondria producing ATP–> high levels of ATP shuts down ATP sensitive K channels–> More positive charge builds up inside cell resulting in depolarization–> causing voltage gated Ca2+ channels to open and allow flow of Ca2+ inside the cell–> Ca2+ causes secretory vesicles to bind to membrane and secrete insulin.

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13
Q

What creates leaking channels in membrane?

A

An example of leaking channels in membrane is when cholesterol fits between phospholipids creating gaps and leaks.

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14
Q

What is the function of carbohydrate on cell membrane?

A
  • cell to cell or cell to receptor recognition
  • faces away from cytoplasm
  • determines blood type
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15
Q

What are the types of endoplasmic reticulum and their functions?

A
  • Rough ER = protein synthesis

- Smooth ER = Lipids/fat synthesis

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16
Q

What is the function of Golgi apparatus?

A

-process protein synthesized in ER and distribute accordingly through various vesicles.

17
Q

What is the function of mitochondria?

A

Make ATP (energy for the cell) via oxidative phosphorylation

18
Q

Where does glycolysis occur and how much energy does it produce?

A

Glycolysis occurs outside of mitochondria without oxygen and produces 2 ATP for 1 glucose.

19
Q

How much ATP is produced through oxygen dependent process?

A

about 38 ATP through oxidative phosphorylation and substrate level phosphorylation.

20
Q

What is the function of lysosomes?

A

intracellular digestion of bacteria or damaged cellular structures through hydrolase enzyme, also self-digestion and autolysis function.

21
Q

What is ribosome made of?

A

made of rRNA and protein, used for protein synthesis and translation.

22
Q

What are modes of cellular ingestion?

A
  • phagocytosis (usually by macrophage)
  • endocytosis
  • pinocytosis (most common)
  • active transport
  • diffusion
23
Q

What is the central dogma?

A

DNA–> RNA–> Protein

24
Q

What is DNA made of?

A

4 base pairs

  • Adenine (purines)
  • Guanine (purines)
  • Cytosine (pyrimidines)
  • Thymine (pyrimidines)
25
Q

What is DNA replication? examples of cells that replicate fast?

A

DNA replication is used to create more cells. GI cells, skin cells, hair cells, and bone marrow cells (blood cells) are the fastest to replicate. Abnormalities usually occur in fast replicating cells.

26
Q

What are the types of RNAs and their functions?

A 
mRNA= carries code to the cytoplasm
tRNA= transports amino acids to ribosome
rRNA= forms ribosomes
27
Q

How does mutation in DNA or mRNA affect the peptide chain and the protein ultimately formed?

A

Change in DNA or mRNA will change the amino acid in the peptide chain which will change the charge/polarity and change the way the protein is folded and ultimately change the protein formed.

28
Q

What are some examples of tissues that can replete itself?

A

Liver, bone marrow, skin. Growth factors released from damaged cells. Muscles and nerves are much more limited in repleting.

29
Q

What is the concentration of glucose, PCO2, PO2, pH and protein in EC vs IC?

A 
glucose:  EC = 90mg/dl     IC = 0-20mg/dl
PCO2:  EC = 46mmHg    IC = 50mmHg
PO2:  EC = 35mmHg      IC = 20mmHg
pH:    EC = 7.4       IC = 7.0
protein:  EC = 2g/dl    IC = 16g/dl
30
Q

What is the difference between diffusion and active transport?

A
  • Diffusion = down the concentration gradient (high to low) through channel protein
  • Facilitated diffusion = down concentration gradient through protein carrier for larger or polar molecules and velocity maxes out
  • Active transport = against the concentration gradient (low to high)
31
Q

Why is water able to pass the cell membrane?

A

there is extremely high concentration of water molecules surrounding the membrane so the chances and amount of water molecules passing through membrane is also high.

Cell Biology (9 decks)

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