Intro to Cario + History Flashcards
Where can black spots be seen?
Faults on our teeth ex. pits and fissures
This is where dental caries usually start
Occlusal surface of posterior teeth
Signs of dental caries (2)
Black spots and White spot lesions
Caries is latin for which english word
Rot or decay
What does sine qua non mean?
Very important / substance of something
Caries is the sine qua non of what
Cavity
It is the microbial disease of the calcified tissues of the teeth
Dental caries
Dental caries is characterized by the demineralization of the _________ and destruction of the __________ of the tooth
Inorganic portion and Organic substance
What is the organic portion of the tooth?
Protein of the teeth
What is the inorganic portion of the tooth
Calcium Hydroxyapatite
The enamel is made up of __% calcium hydroxyapatite
96-98%
The dentin is made up of __% calcium hydroxyapatite
60-64%
The cementum is made up of __% calcium hydroxyapatite
50%
Dental caries is a __________, ___________, ___________, __________, ____________ disease resulting in net mineral loss of dental hard tissues
Biofilm-mediated Diet modulated Multifactorial Non-communicable Dynamic
Layer that covers our teeth which contains live microorganisms
Biofilm
What are the factors of dental caries (Current Concept)
Host
Microbial Flora
Substrate (food)
Time
Detection and assessment of caries signs to determine presence of the disease
Caries Diagnosis
Reflects the mineral balance in terms of net mineral loss, net mineral gain or stasis over time
Caries Activity
Implies caries initiation/progression
Active Caries
Implies caries arrest/regression
Inactive Caries
Expected course of dental caries
Prognosis of caries
Implies no detectable signs of caries
Caries free
Implies no signs of cavities in the dentine
Cavity free
Actions taken to interfere with net mineral loss
Caries Care / Management
What type of caries intervention? Brushing, Flossing, Mouth Wash
Non operative intervention
What type of caries intervention? Oral prophylaxis and restoration
Operative Intervention
Removal of tooth structure for placement of a restoration which should be minimally invasive and conserve as much natural tooth structure as possible
Surgical Management of Caries
What are the non surgical management of caries strategies
Physical barriers (Sealants)
Biofilm modification
Remineralization by means of chemotherapeutic interventions
Change in patient behavior
Inhibition of caries initiation
Caries prevention
Microorganisms or substances that are capable of promoting/initiating dental caries
Cariogenic
Describes how cariogenic a microorganism or substance is
Cariogenicity
Capable of arresting dental caries / arrest the progression of dental caries
Cariostatic
Is dental biofilm and dental plaque the same thing?
Yes
Refers to the total loss of enamel and exposure to the underlying dentin
Cavitated
Refers to a microorganism that is capable of producing acids
Acidogenic
Refers to a microorganism that is capable of thriving in an acidic environment
Aciduric
Oldest evidence of caries was seen where?
Broken Hill, Northern Rhodesia (Zambia)
What specimen was unearthed from broken hill northern rhodesia (give both names)
Homo Rhodesiensis Cranium (Homo Heidelbergensis)
References to caries was found in the writings of which poet?
Homer
In the Sargonid Dynasty of Assyria, what was the reason given by the kings physician for the need of a tooth extraction?
Spreading inflammation (infection)
Text which mentions tooth worms as the cause of dental caries
Sumerian Texts
Manuscript which mentions diseases of teeth
Ebers papyrus
The surgeon that wrote that caries is caused by worms
Guy de Chauliac
This muslim dentist who stated that tooth worms do not exist
Gaubari
He was one of the first people to cite that sugar is a possible cause of cavities
Pierre Fauchard
They researched more about plaque and investigated the causes of dental caries
Miller, G.V. Black, J.L. Williams
This theory states that there is an imbalance between the humors of the body which causes tooth decay
Humoral Theory
This theory states that tooth decay originates from within the tooth like a bone gangrene
Vital Theory
He said that dental decay comes from external factors not internal, opposing the vital theory
Parmly
He proposed that decay of the tooth is caused by acids which are produces by the fermentation of food particles around the teeth
Robertson
This theory states that caries starts as a chemical process but microorganisms continue the process of disintegration
Parasitic (Septic) Theory
Described filamentous organisms in the membrane removed from teeth
Erdl
Attributed dental caries to “denticolae”
Ficnus
They said that dental caries is a chemical process but living organisms continue the disintegration in both enamel and dentin
Leber and Rottenstein
They said that bacteria were essential to caries but there is still an exogenous source of the acids
Clark, Tomes, Magitot
They presented a septic theory that acid capable of causing decalcification is produced by bacteria that feeds on the organic fibrils of dentin
Underwood and Miller
This scientist discovered that several strains of lactobacilli bacteria is linked to dental caries
Fernando E. Rodriguez Vargas
This researcher suggested that bacterial strain streptococcus mutans was responsible for cavities
Killian Clarke
Their hamster studies showed a direct correlation between bacteria and cavities
R.J. Fitzgerald and Paul Keyes
The chemico-parasitic theory (acidogenic theory) was made by?
Willoughby D. Miller
What are the 2 stages of chemico-parasitic process in the acidogenic theory
First decalcification of enamel and dentin
Second dissolution of the softened residue
What are the factors in the process of decalcification according to Millers acidogenic theory
Oral microorganisms
Carbohydrate substrate
Acid
What are the drawbacks of Millers Acidogenic Theory
Predilection of specific sites on a tooth (there are areas more prone to caries)
Initiation of smooth surface caries
Some populations are caries free
They proposed the proteolytic theory
Gottlieb and Gottlieb
This theory states that the organic or protein elements of the tooth are the initial pathways of invasion by microorganisms
Proteolytic Theory
In the proteolytic theory, these are mentioned as the pathways for microorganism invasion through the enamel
Enamel lamellae and Enamel rod sheaths
Who made the sulfatase theory?
Pincus
What are the stages of the sulfatase theory
1st: proteolytic organisms attack the protein elements of the tooth
2nd: sulfuric acid is formed
This theory states that caries start in the inner tooth surface then pulp lymph is affected
Phosphate theory of Csernyei
Schatz is responsible for what theory?
The proteolysis chelation theory
This is a process that involves the complexing of metallic ion to a substance through a covalent bond which results in a highly stable, poorly dissociated or weekly ionized compound
Chelation
This theory states that both the enamel and dentin is attacked simultaneously
Proteolysis Chelation Theory
What are the drawbacks of the proteolysis chelation theory
Increased caries incidence with increased sugar consumption
Decreased caries incidence following the topical or systemic administration of fluoride
The cause of dental caries is not only due to the presence of the chelating agent
They made the Sucrose Chelation Theory
Egglers - Laura
In the sucrose chelation theory, the uptake of PO4 (phosphate) by plaque bacteria occurs when?
Glycolysis and synthesis of polyphosphates
This theory states that sucrose itself can cause dissolution of enamel by forming ionized calcium saccharate
Sucrose Chelation Theory
This states that all plaque are pathogenic
Nonspecific Plaque hypothesis
This states that plaque is pathogenic only if associated with clinical disease
Specific Plaque Hypothesis
This states that a certain change in the environment of the residential plaque flora provides pathogenicity to specific species that produce the disease at only specific sites
Ecological Plaque Hypothesis
