INTRO TO CARBOHYDRATES

Question 1

most abundant organic molecules in nature -
erve as a structural component of many organisms

Answer 1

Carbohydrates

Question 2

Simple sugar

Answer 2

Monosaccharides

Question 3

2 monosaccharide units

Answer 3

Disaccharides

Question 4

3-10 monosaccharide units

Answer 4

Oligosaccharides

Question 5

more than 10 sugar units

Answer 5

Polysaccharides

Question 6

Compounds having same chemical formula but different structural formula

Answer 6

Isomerism

Question 7

are isomers that differ in configuration around only one specific carbon atom.
Glucose a

Answer 7

Epimers

Question 8

Structures that are mirror images of each other and are designated as D- and L sugars based on the position of –OH grp on the asymmetric carbon farthest from the carbonyl carbon.

Answer 8

Enantiomers (D- and L-Forms)

Question 9

In solution, the cyclic α and β anomers of a sugar are in equilibrium with each other, and can be interconverted spontaneously

Answer 9

Mutarotation

Question 10

can detect a reducing sugar in urine. A positive result is indicative of an underlying pathology, because sugars are not normally present in urine, and can be followed up by more specific tests to identify the reducing sugar

Answer 10

colorimetric test

Question 11

joining of 2 monosaccharides by O-glycosidic bond

Answer 11

Dissaccharides

Question 12

are attached to non-carbohydrate structures by glycosidic bonds (O- or N-type).

Answer 12

Complex Carbohydrates

Question 13

Glycosidic Bonds

Answer 13

N-Glycosidic
O-Glycosidic

Question 14

are large complexes of negatively charged heteropolysaccharide chains.

Answer 14

Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs)

Question 15

Most abundant GAG

Answer 15

Chondroitin sulfates:

Question 16

Most heterogeneous GAGs

Answer 16

Keratan sulfates

Question 17

Compared to other GAGs, it is unsulfated and not covalently attached to protein.

Answer 17

Hyaluronic acid

Question 18

intracellular and serves as an anticoagulant

Answer 18

Heparin

Question 19

principal sites for digestion

Answer 19

mouth and intestinal lumen

Question 20

is catalyzed by glycoside hydrolases (glycosidases) that hydrolyze glycosidic bonds.

Answer 20

Digestion

Question 21

acts briefly on dietary starch and glycogen, hydrolyzing random α(1→4) bonds.

Answer 21

Salivary a-amylase

Question 22

continues the process of starch digestion.

Answer 22

Pancreatic a-amylase

Question 23

-final digestive process

Answer 23

Intestinal disaccharidases