Intro to Cancer and Hallmarks of Cancer (Keith Spriggs) Flashcards

1
Q

What is Cancer?

A

A group of diseases
Common features is uncontrolled abnormal cell growth
Typically life threatening if untreated
Underpinned by genetic changes (mutation)
Cancers change; adapt in response to selection pressures similarly

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2
Q

What does neoplasm mean?

A

New - creation

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3
Q

What does hyperplasia mean?

A

Increased proliferation of (otherwise normal) cells.

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4
Q

What does cancer mean?

A

Neoplasm capable of invasive growth (invasive = capable of spreading to other parts of the body).

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5
Q

What is a tumour?

A

Proliferation of abnormal cells

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6
Q

What does benign mean?

A

Incapable of invasive growth

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7
Q

What does malignant mean?

A

Capable of invasive growth

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8
Q

What is the most common origin cell of cancer?

A

Epithelial cells

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9
Q

What does carcinoma refer to?

A

Epithelial origin i.e. skin, breast, lung, prostate

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10
Q

What does sarcoma refer to?

A

Mesenchymal origin e.g. bone, fat, muscle

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11
Q

What does lymphoma refer to?

A

Bone marrow cells in the lymphatic system

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12
Q

What does leukaemia refer to?

A

Bone marrow cells in the blood

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13
Q

What is normal cell behaviour?

A

Multiply/divide only when told to
Commit suicide when required (apoptosis)
Stay where they should
Communicate and cooperate with other cells
- including with the immune system
Senesce after a number of divisions (Hayflick limit 40-60 generations)

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14
Q

What are the Hallmarks of Cancer?

A
Sustained proliferative signalling 
Resisting cell death 
Evading growth suppressors 
Activating invasion and metastasis 
Enabling replicate immortality 
Inducing angiogenesis
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15
Q

Does cancer evolve?

A

Selection pressure for survival and reproduction

The most ‘successful’ cancer cells proliferate

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