Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

BRS - M + R > Intro to Bones + Soft Tissue > Flashcards

Intro to Bones + Soft Tissue Flashcards

1
Q

What is a joint?

A

point at which 2 separate bones meet

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the muscoskeletal system made up of?

A
  • bone
  • muscle
  • connective tissue
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the 3 different types of connective tissue?

A
  • tendon
  • ligament
  • cartilage
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

How many bones in an adult skeleton?

A

206

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

How many bones in a child?

A

270

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are the 2 main parts of the skeleton?

A

Appendicular + Axial

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is a part of the axial skeleton?

A
  • cranium
  • vertebral column
  • ribcage
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is a part of the appendicular skeleton?

A
  • pectoral girdle
  • upper + lower limbs
  • pelvic girdle
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are the functions of the skeleton?

A
  • Movement
  • Support
  • Protection of vital organs
  • Calcium storage
  • Haematopoesis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are the 2 ways in which bones develops “in utero”?

A

Intramembranous + endochondral

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is intramembranous ossification?

A

• bone develops from fibrous membranes to
become mesenchymal cell template
• forms flat bones of skull, clavicle + mandible

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is endochandral ossification?

A
  • development of long bone from a hyaline cartilage model (first model)
  • takes much longer than intramembranous ossification
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are the 5 steps of endochondral ossification?

A
  • bone collar formation
  • cavitation
  • periosteal bud invasion
  • diaphysis elongation
  • epiphyseal ossification
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are the 4 main cells of bones?

A
  • osteogenic
  • osteocyte
  • osteoblast
  • osteoclast
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are osteogenic cells?

A

bone stem cell

found in deep layers of periosteum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Where can you find osteogenic cells?

A

deep layers of periosteum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are osteoblasts?

What do they do?

A
  • bone forming
  • secretes osteoid
  • catalyse mineralisation of osteoid
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Where can you find osteoblasts?

A

growing portions of bone, including periosteum + endosteum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are osteoclasts? What do they do?

A
  • bone breaking
  • dissolve + reabsorb bone by phagocytosis
  • derived from bone marrow
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Where can you find osteoclasts?

A

growing portions of bone, including periosteum + endosteum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What are osteocytes?What do they do?

A 
• mature bone cell
• formed when osteoblast becomes
embedded in its secretions
• sense mechanical strain to direct osteoclast
and osteoblast activity
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Where can you find osteocytes?

A

embedded in matrix

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is bone matrix? How is it organised?

A
  • 40% organic

* 60% organic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is the organic component of bone matrix made up of?

A
  • 90% type 1 collagen

* 10% ground substance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What is the inorganic component of bone matrix made up of?

A
  • calcium hydroxyapatite

* osteocalcium phosphate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What is the ground substance of bone matrix made up of?

A
  • proteoglycans
  • glycoproteins
  • cytokine + growth factors
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What are the 2 types of bone?

A
  • immature

* mature

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What is immature bone?

A
  • first bone produced
  • laid down in a ‘woven’ manner – relatively weak
  • mineralised + replaced by mature bon
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What is mature bone?

A
  • mineralised woven bone

* lamellar (layer) structure – relatively strong

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What are the 2 types of mature bone?

A
  • cortical

* cancellous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What is cortical bone?

A
  • compact + dense

* suitable for the stresses of weight bearing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What is cancellous bone?

A
  • spongy structure

* not suitable for weight-bearing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What is an osteon?

A
  • repeated structural units

* concentric lamellae around a central Haversian Canal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

How are cortical bones organised?

A 
• Few spaces
• ‘Osteons’
• Haversian Canal –
contains blood vessels,
nerves and lymphaVcs.
• Lacunae – small spaces containing osteocytes
• Tiny canaliculi radiate
from lacunae filled w/
extracellular fluid
• Volkmans canal –
transverse perforating
canals
35
Q

What is the structure of long bones?

A
  • proximal epiphysis
  • metaphysis
  • diaphysis
  • metaphysis
  • distal epiphysis
36
Q

What are the 2 methods of bone growth?

A
  • interstitial

* appositional

37
Q

What is interstitial bone growth?

A

long bone lengthening (increasing length)

38
Q

What is appositional growth?

A

deposition of bone

beneath the periosteum to increase thickness (increasing width)

39
Q

What are the 4 zones / steps in interstitial growth?

A
  • proliferation
  • hypertrophic/maturation
  • calcification
  • ossification
40
Q

What is the importance of bone in increasing calcium serum levels?

A

→ Bone contains 99% of total body calcium
→ PTH stimulates calcium release from bone
→ osteoclasts activity > osteoblasts activity

41
Q

What is the importance of bone in decreasing calcium serum levels?

A

m

42
Q

What is the importance of calcium hydroxyapatite?

A

m

43
Q

How are joints classified?

A

Fibrous (synarthrosis)
Cartilaginous (Amphiarthrosis)
Synovial (Diarthrosis)

44
Q

What are the fibrous joints? Examples?

A
  • Sutures
  • Syndesmosis
  • Interosseous membrane
45
Q

What are cartilaginous joints? Examples?

A
  • Synchondroses

* Symphyses

46
Q

What are synovial joints? Examples?

A
  • Plane, Hinge, Condyloid

* Pivot, Saddle, Ball & Socket

47
Q

What is the structure of a synovial joint?

A

Joint capsule:
• Articular capsule (outer) keeps bones together structurally
• Synovial membrane (inner) - contains synovial fluid which reduces friction during movement

48
Q

What factors affect joint stability?

A
  • Joint shape e.g. hip vs shoulder
  • Ligaments
  • Tendons
  • Cartilage (e.g. glenoid labrum)
49
Q

What are ligaments made up of?

A

90% Type 1 collagen (strong)

9% Type 3 collagen (immature; greater in healing tissue)
1% fibroblast cells (produce collagen)

50
Q

What is the function of a ligament?

A

Connect bone to bone to stabilise joint and enable proprioception ‘

51
Q

What is collagen?

A
  • Most abundant protein in the human body
  • Molecule is a long, rigid structure
  • 3 polypeptides (referred to as α chains) are wound around one another
  • Rope-like triple helix
  • Crimping of fibres
  • Non-elastic behaviour
  • Fibre component of connective tissue
52
Q

What is a tendon?

A
  • Made of collagen fibres arranged in bundles
  • Stiff and Strong
  • Parallel arrays of collagen fibres closely packed together
53
Q

What is the microstructure of a tendon?

A

Parallel arrays of collagen fibres closely packed together

54
Q

What is the function of a tendon?

A
  • Attaches skeletal muscle to bone
  • Transmits muscle force to bone
  • Elastic energy storage/recoil
  • Proteoglycan resists compressive stresses
55
Q

What is cartilage?

A
  • Made up of chondrocytes which produce large amounts of collagenous ECM, ground substance
  • Avascular and worn down in osteoarthritis
56
Q

What is the function of cartilage?

A
  • Acts as shock absorber to reduce friction
  • Covers and protects long bones at joints
  • Structural component of ribs & intervertebral discs
57
Q

What are the 3 types of cartilage?

A

Elastic Hyaline

Fibrocartilage

58
Q

How do ligaments affect joint stability?

A
  • Ligaments prevent excessive movement that could damage joint
  • More ligaments and tighter ligaments = greater stability BUT less mobility
  • Less ligaments and laxer ligaments = greater mobility BUT less stability
59
Q

What is the problem of poor stability in a joint?

A

Risk of dislocation

60
Q

What is the problem with lax ligaments in joints?

A

Hypermobility = greater risk of injury

61
Q

What is the problem w/ repeated or inappropriate stress to ligaments?

A

Increases risk of injury

62
Q

What is periosteum?

A

dense layer of vascular connective tissue enveloping the bones except at the surfaces of the joints

63
Q

What is a medullary cavity?

A

central cavity of bone shafts where red bone marrow and/or yellow bone marrow (adipose tissue) is stored

64
Q

What is epiphysis?

A

end part of a long bone, initially growing separately from the shaft

65
Q

What is metaphysis?

A
  • neck portion of long bone between epiphysis + diaphysis

* contains the growth plate

66
Q

What is diaphysis?

A

shaft or central part of bone

67
Q

What is step 1 of intramembranous ossification?

A

condensation of mesenchymal cells which differentiate into osteoblasts to form ossification centre

68
Q

What is step 2 of intramembranous ossification?

A

secreted osteoid traps osteoblasts which become osteocytes

69
Q

What is step 3 of intramembranous ossification?

A

trabecular matrix and periosteum form

70
Q

What is step 4 of intramembranous ossification?

A

compact bone develops superficial to cancellous bone + crowded blood vessels develop into blood vessels

71
Q

Where is the primary ossification centre?

A

diaphysis

72
Q

Where is the secondary ossification centre?

A

epiphysis

73
Q

What is the proliferation zone in interstitial growth?

A

cells proliferate + push epiphyses away from diaphysis

74
Q

What is the hypertrophic / maturation zone in interstitial growth?

A
  • cartilage cells swell in size (called hypertrophy)
  • lacunae get larger
  • results in the formation of large spaces
75
Q

What is the calcification zone in interstitial growth?

A
  • cartilage is calcified at the juncture of diaphysis + epiphyses
  • matrix breaks down
  • blood vessels enter the spaces
76
Q

What is the ossification zone in interstitial growth?

A
  • marrow from medullary cavity enters calcified cartilage

* osteoclasts break down cartilage + osteoblasts replace it with new spongy bone

77
Q

What is the epiphyseal plate?

A

zone of elongation in long bones, contains hyaline cartilage

78
Q

What zones or steps of interstitial growth are on the epiphyseal side?

A
  • proliferation

* hypertrophy

79
Q

What zones or steps of interstitial growth are on the diaphyseal side?

A
  • calcification

* ossification

80
Q

What is step 1 of appositional growth?

A

ridges in the periosteum create a groove for

periosteal blood vessel

81
Q

What is step 2 of appositional growth?

A

periosteal ridges fuse, forming an endosteum-lined tunnel

82
Q

What is step 3 of appositional growth?

A

osteoblasts in endosteum build new concentric

lamellae inward towards the centre of the tunnel, forming a new osteon

83
Q

What is step 4 of appositional growth?

A

bone grows outwards as osteoblasts in periosteum build new circumferential
lamellae. Osteon formation repeats as new periosteal ridges fold over blood vessel

BRS - M + R (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions