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BRS - M + R > Injury + Healing > Flashcards

Injury + Healing Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 mechanisms of bone fracture?

A
  • Trauma
  • Stress
  • Pathological
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2
Q

What are the 2 main types of trauma fractures?

A
  • Low energy

* High energy

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3
Q

How does a stress fracture occur?

A

overuse ➡ stress exerted on bone is greater than bones capacity to remodel ➡ bone weakening ➡ stress fracture ➡ risk of complete fracture

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4
Q

What is a stress fracture?

A

fracture caused by abnormal stresses on normal bone

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5
Q

What is a pathological or insufficiency fracture?

A

fracture caused by normal stresses on abnormal bone

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6
Q

What are 6 causes of pathological fractures?

A
  • osteoporosis
  • paget’s disease
  • osteogenesis imperfecta
  • vitamin D deficiency
  • osteomyelitis
  • malignancy
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7
Q

What is the difference between osteopenia + osteoporosis?

A
  • penia = not so severe bone loss, T-score of -1 to -2.5

* porosis = more severe bone loss, T-score of -2.5 or less

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8
Q

What is osteopenia + osteoporosis?

A
  • OC activity > OB activity
  • bone microarchitecture is disrupted
  • more common in females (F : M , 4 : 1)
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9
Q

What is primary osteoporosis? What is it caused by?

A
  • caused by natural age-related changes to bone

* e.g. postmenopausal or senile

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10
Q

What is secondary osteoporosis? What is it caused by?

A
  • caused by other clinical disorders or conditions
  • e.g. hypogonadism, glucocorticoid excess, alcoholism
  • more common in males
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11
Q

What is congenital osteogenesis imperfecta?

A
  • hereditary autosomal dominant or recessive disorder
  • causes a reduction in Type I Collagen due to:
  • Decreased secretion
  • Production of abnormal collagen
  • results in insufficient osteoid production
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12
Q

What is Paget’s disease?

A

• excessive bone break down + disorganised remodelling
• leading to deformity,
pain, fracture or arthritis

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13
Q

What are 4 examples of primary bone cancers?

A
  • Osteosarcoma
  • Chondrosarcoma
  • Ewing sarcoma
  • Chordoma
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14
Q

What is secondary bone cancer?

A

when tumours from other tissue metastasise to bone

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15
Q

What 5 most common tissues to cause secondary bone cancer?

A
  • prostate (blastic)
  • breast (blastic + lytic)
  • kidney (lytic)
  • thyroid (lytic)
  • lung (lytic)
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16
Q

What 3 ways in which fractures are patterned or classified?

A
  • soft tissue integrity
  • bony fragments
  • movement
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17
Q

What are the 2 types of soft tissue integrity fractures?

A
  • open

* closed

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18
Q

What are the 3 types of bony fragment fractures?

A
  • greenstick
  • simple
  • multifragmentary
19
Q

What are the 2 types of movement fractures?

A
  • displaced

* undisplaced

20
Q

What are the general principles of tissue healing? What cells do they involve?

A
  • bleeding (blood)
  • inflammation (neutrophils + macrophages)
  • new tissue formation (blasts)
  • remodelling (macrophages, OCs + OBs)
21
Q

What does the inflammation phase of fracture healing involve?

A
  • haematoma formation
  • release of cytokines
  • granulation tissue + blood vessel formation
22
Q

What does the repair phase of fracture healing involve?

A
  • soft callus formation (Type II collagen - cartilage)

* converts to hard callus (Type I collagen - bone)

23
Q

What does the remodelling phase of fracture healing involve?

A
  • callus responds to activity, external forces, functional demands + growth
  • excess bone is removed
24
Q

What is Wolff’s Law?

A

bone grows and remodels in response to the forces that are placed on it

25
Q

What is primary bone healing?

A
  • Intermembranous healing

* Absolute stability

26
Q

What is secondary bone healing?

A
  • Endochondral healing
  • Involves responses in the periosteum + external soft tissues
  • Relative stability
27
Q

What is the range of fracture healing times?

A

3-12 weeks

28
Q

What are the general principles of fracture management?

A
  • Reduce
  • Hold
  • Rehabilitate
29
Q

What are the 4 ways in which a fracture can be reduced?

A
  • manipulation (closed)
  • traction (closed)
  • mini-incision (open)
  • full exposure (open)
30
Q

What is reduction by closed manipulation?

A

n

31
Q

What is reduction by closed traction (skin or skeletal)?

A

m

32
Q

What are the different types of fracture fixation?

A

m

33
Q

What are 4 components of rehabilitation?

A

o

34
Q

What are 3 forms of tendinopathy?

A

Or

35
Q

How are ligament injuries classified?

A

See

36
Q

How are tenden / ligament tears treated?

A

@a

37
Q

What are the benefits of immobilization of injured ligamentous tissue?

A

m

38
Q

What are the disadvantages of immobilization of injured ligamentous tissue?

A

g

39
Q

What are the benefits of mobilization of injured ligamentous tissue?

A

Woo

40
Q

What factors of the mechanical environment that affect fracture healing?

A

Lec

41
Q

What factors of the biological environment that affect fracture healing?

A

E

42
Q

How does Vitamin D deficiency result in fractures?

A
  • vitamin D facilitates calcium, magnesium + phosphate absorption​
  • inadequate Ca or PO4 = defect in osteoid matrix mineralisation
43
Q

What does severe Vitamin D deficiency cause in children?

A

rickets

44
Q

What does severe Vitamin D deficiency cause in adult?

A

osteomalacia

BRS - M + R (3 decks)

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