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Z YEAR 1 BRS Bones > Intro to bone and soft tissue > Flashcards

Intro to bone and soft tissue Flashcards

1
Q

What is bone in muscoskeletal system for bone?

A

Joint

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2
Q

What is muscle in muscoskeletal system for bone?

A

Skeletal muscle (voluntary / straited)

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3
Q

What is connective tissue in muscoskeletal system for bone?

A
  • Tendon
  • Ligaments
  • Cartilage
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4
Q

What are tendons?

A

Connects muscle to bone

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5
Q

What are ligaments?

A

Connects bone to bone

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6
Q

What is cartilage?

A
  • Structural support
  • Protect tissues
  • Attachment sites
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7
Q

What is function of skeletal system?

A
  • support
  • movement
  • Protection of vital organs
  • Calcium storage
  • Haematopoesis
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8
Q

How many bones are in the body?

A

206 Bones (+ sesamoids) [270 in children]

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9
Q

What is part of the appendicular?

A

pectoral girdle, Upper and Lower Limbs, Pelvic girdle

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10
Q

What is part of axial?

A

Cranium, Vertebral Column, Rib Cage

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11
Q

What are the different types of bone by shape?

A
  1. Flat bone
  2. Sutured bone
  3. Short bone
  4. Irregular bone
  5. Seasmoid bone
  6. Long bone
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12
Q

What is an osteogenic cell?

A

-Bone ‘stem cell

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13
Q

What is an osteocyte? How is it formed?

A
  • ‘Mature’ bone cell
  • Formed when an osteoblast becomes embedded in its secretions
  • Sense mechanical strain to direct osteoclast and osteoblast activity
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14
Q

What is an osteoblast?

A
  • Bone forming’
  • Secretes ‘osteoid’
  • Catalyse mineralisation of osteoid
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15
Q

What is an osteoclast?

A
  • ‘Bone breaking’
  • Dissolve and resorb bone by phagocytosis
  • Derived from bone marrow
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16
Q

Where are osteocytes?

A

Embedded in matrix

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17
Q

Where are osteoclasts?

A

Bone surfaces and at sites of old, injured or unneeded bone

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18
Q

Where are osteogenic cells?

A

Deep layers of periosteum

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19
Q

Where are osteoblasts?

A

Growing portions of bone, including periosteum and endosteum

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20
Q

What are the two sections of bone matrix?

A
  1. Organic component (40%)

2. Inorganic component (60%)

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21
Q

What are the types of organic component in bone matrix?

A
  1. Type 1 collagen (90%)

2. Ground substance (10%) - proteoglycans, glycoproteins, cytokine and growth factors

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22
Q

What are types of inorganic component in bone matrix?

A
  1. Calcium hydroxyapatite

2. Osteocalcium phosphate

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23
Q

What is immature bone?

A
  • First bone that is produced
  • Laid down in a ‘woven’ manner – relatively weak
  • Mineralised and replaced by mature bone
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24
Q

What is mature bone? What are the two types?

A

•Mineralised woven bone
•Lamellar (layer) structure – relatively strong
-Cortical
-Cancellous

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25
Q

What is cancellous bone?

A
  • ‘Spongy’ – honeycomb structure

* Not suitable for weight-bearing

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26
Q

What is cortical bone?

A
  • ‘Compact’ – dense

* Suitable for weight bearing

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27
Q

Describe cancellous bone

A
  • Trabeculae (matrix of inorganic tissue

- Volume without weight

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28
Q

What is compact bone?

A
  • Few spaces

* Provides protection, support and resists stresses produced by weight of movement

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29
Q

What are osteons?

A

Repeated structural units ‘Osteons’ – concentric ‘Lamellae’ around a central ‘Haversian Canal’

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30
Q

What is in the Haversian canal?

A

blood vessels, nerves and lymphatics.

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31
Q

What are the lacunae?

A
  • small spaces containing osteocytes

- Tiny Canaliculi radiate from lacunae filled with extracellular fluid

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32
Q

What is Volkmans canal?

A

transverse perforating canals

33
Q

How is compact bone organised?

A
  1. Parallel columns known as Haversian system, which run lengthwise down he axis of long bones
  2. These columns are composed of lamellae (concentric rings of bone) surrounding central channel (Haversian canal)
    - Consists of closely packed osteons or Haversian systems
34
Q

What is intramembranous ossification?

A

-During metal development

35
Q

What are steps in endochondral ossification?

A
  1. Bone collar formation
  2. Cavitation
  3. Periosteal bud invasion
  4. Diaphysis elongation
  5. Epiphyseal
36
Q

Where is the primary ossification centre?

A

Diaphysis

37
Q

Where os the secondary ossification centre?

A

Epiphysis

38
Q

What is endochondral ossification?

A
  1. Development of long bone from hyaline cartilage model

2. Takes longer than intramembranous ossification

39
Q

What is interstitial growth?

A

Long bone lengthening

40
Q

What is the epiphyseal plate?

A
  • Zone of elongation in long bone
  • Contains hyaline cartilage
  • Epiphyseal side – hyaline cartilage active and dividing to form hyaline cartilage matrix
  • Diaphyseal side – Cartilage calcifies and dies and then replaced by bone
41
Q

What is appositional growth?

A

deposition of bone beneath the periosteum to increase thickness

42
Q

Describe the process of appositional growth

A
  1. Ridges in periosteum create groove for periosteal blood vessel
  2. Periosteal ridges fuse, forming an endosteum-lined tunnel
  3. Osteoblasts in endosteum build new concentric lamellae inward toward center of tunnel, forming a new osteon
  4. Bone grows outwards as osteoblasts in periosteum build new circumferential lamellae. Osteon formation repeats as new periosteal ridges fold over blood vessel
43
Q

What does vitamin D do?

A

Help absorb calcium D

44
Q

What can happen in cancer?

A

Too much osteoclast activity so blood calcium high so depression renal stones

45
Q

What is collagen?

A
  • Most abundant protein in the human body.
  • Crimping of fibres
  • Non elastic behavior
  • Fibre component of connective tissue
46
Q

What is the structure of collagen?

A
  • Molecule is a long, rigid structure
  • Three polypeptides (referred to as α chains) are wound around one another
  • Rope-like triple helix
47
Q

Where is type 1 collagen?

A

Dermis, tendon, ligaments, and bone

48
Q

Where is type 2 collagen?

A

Cartilage, vitreous body, nucleus pulpous

49
Q

Where is type 3 collagen?

A

Skin, vessel wall, reticular fibre of most tissues (lungs liver spleen)

50
Q

What does tendon do?

A
  • Attaches skeletal muscle to bone

* Transmit muscle force to bone

51
Q

What is the structure of tendon?

A

•Made of collagen fibres
•Stiff and Strong
-Collagen fibers arranged in bundles

52
Q

What is the microstructure of tendon?

A

Parellel arrays of collagen fibres closely packed together
•Dry mass 30% of the total mass in water
•86% collagen, 2% elastin, 1-5% proteoglycans and 0.2% inorganic components eg. copper, manganese and calcium

53
Q

What is the function of tendon?

A
  • Transmit muscle forces
  • Elastic energy storage / recoil
  • PG resists compressive stresses
54
Q

What do ligaments connect?

A

bone to bone to stabilise joint

55
Q

What do ligaments enable?

A

proprioception

56
Q

Describe ligaments

A
  • Have functional subunits that tighten or loosen depending on joint position
  • is not densely innervated or vascularised
57
Q

What do ligaments contain?

A
  • Contain some blood vessels and nerves in outer covering (epiligament)
  • Contain proprioceptors
  • Transmit pain signals via type C fibers
58
Q

What does a normal ligament consist of?

A
  • 90% Type 1 collagen (strong)
  • 9% Type 3 collagen (immature; greater proportion in healing tissue)
  • 1% fibroblast cells (the cells that produce collagen)
59
Q

What does cartilage act as?

A

Acts as shock absorber to reduce friction

60
Q

What does cartilage do?

A

Covers and protects long bones at joints

Structural component of ribs & IV discs Avascular and worn down in osteoarthritis

61
Q

What is cartilage made up of?

A

Made up of chondrocytes – produce large amounts of collagenous ECM, ground substance

62
Q

What are the 3 types of of cartilage?

A
  • Elastic
  • Hyaline
  • Fibrocartilage
63
Q

What are fibrous joints? (synarthrosis)

A
  1. Sutures
  2. Syndesmosis
  3. Interosseous membrane
    - DO NOT MOVE
64
Q

What are cartilaginous joints? (amphiarthrsosis)

A
  1. Synchondroses
  2. Symphyses
    - Move a little
65
Q

What are synovial joints? (diarthrosis)

A
  1. Plane
  2. Hinge
  3. Condyloid
  4. Pivot
  5. Saddle
  6. Ball and socket
    -Move
    Synovial fluid, shock absorption, lubricate
66
Q

What are examples of synovial joints?

A
  • Pivotal joint (e.g. between C1 and C2 vertebrae)
  • Ball and socket joint (e.g. hip joint)
  • Hinge joint (e.g. elbow)
  • Condyloid joint (e.g. between radius and carpal bones of wrist
  • Plane joint (e.g. between tarsal bones)
  • Saddle joint (e.g. between trapezium carpal bone and 1st metacarpal bone)
67
Q

What is a synovial joint?

A

Most common type of joint

Most mobile type of joint

68
Q

What is in a synovial joint capsule?

A
  • Articular capsule (Outer) – keeps bones together structurally
  • Synovial membrane (Inner) - contains synovial fluid
69
Q

What does synovial fluid do?

A

Reduces friction during movement

70
Q

How are ligaments and joint stability related?

A
  • Ligaments Prevent excessive movement that could damage joint
  • More ligaments and tighter ligaments -> greater stability BUT less mobility
  • Less ligaments and laxer ligaments -> greater mobility BUT less stability
71
Q

What happens if there is poor stability?

A

Risk of dislocation

Disproportionate, inappropriate or repeated stress to ligaments -> injury (athletes are at risk of this)

72
Q

What happens if there is excessive ligament laxity?

A

Hypermobility -> greater risk of injury

Muscular tone – eg. Rotator cuff

73
Q

What are factors affecting joint stability?

A
  • Joint shape e.g. hip vs shoulder
  • Ligaments
  • Tendons
  • Cartilage (e.g. glenoid labrum)
74
Q

What is the difference between the shoulder and hip stability with joint articulation?

A

Shoulder: mismatch shallow socket
Hip: complete fit deep socket

75
Q

What is the difference between the shoulder and hip stability with joint capsule?

A

Shoulder: weak
Hip: strong

76
Q

What is the difference between the shoulder and hip stability with ligaments?

A

Shoulder: lacks strong ligaments
Hip: strong network of ligaments

77
Q

What is the difference between the shoulder and hip stability with muscles?

A

Shoulder: rotator cuff dependent
Hip: supported by muscles

78
Q

What is the difference between the shoulder and hip stability with suability?

A

Shoulder: unstable
Hip: stable

79
Q

What is the difference between the shoulder and hip stability with joint mobility?

A

Shoulder: extremely mobile
Hip: less mobile

Z YEAR 1 BRS Bones (5 decks)

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