Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Z YEAR 1 BRS Bones > Injury and Healing > Flashcards

Injury and Healing Flashcards

1
Q

What are the trauma mechanism of action?

A
  • Low energy

- High energy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the stress mechanism of action?

A

-Abnormal stresses on normal bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the pathological mechanism of action?

A

-Normal stresses on abnormal bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the different types of soft tissue integrity fracture patterns?

A

open

closed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the different types of bone fragments fracture patterns?

A

greenstick
simple
comminuted

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are the different types of displacement fracture patterns?

A

displaced

undisplaced

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are types of fracture?

A
  • simple or closed
  • open
  • transverse
  • spiral
  • impacted
  • greenstick and torus
  • comminuted
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are some abnormal stresses of normal bone?

A
  1. Overuse so stress exerted on bone is greater than bone capacity to remodel
  2. Bone weakening
  3. Stress fracture
  4. Risk of complete fracture
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are causes of abnormal stress?

A
  • Weight baring bones - tibia, metatarsals, navicular
  • Activity related: athletes, occupational, military, female, athlete triad
  • Disorded eating, amenorrhea, osteoporosis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What does vitamin D deficiency cause?

A
  • Osteomalacia

- Rickets

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What does malignancy cause?

A
  • Primary

- Bone metastases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What does osteoporosis cause?

A

Soft bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are different types of osteroperosis?

A

More common in females [Female:Male = 4:1]
Postmenopausal Osteoporosis – Women 50-70
Senile Osteoporosis - > 70
Secondary osteoporosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

When does osteoporosis and osteopenia happen?

A

If osteoclast activity > osteoblast activity -> Disrupted microarchitecture

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

When does secondary osteoporosis happen?

A 
•Hypogonadism
•Glucocorticoid excess
•Alcoholism
Associated with ‘fragility fractures’ – hip, spine, wrist
Low energy trauma -> fracture
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What scores are associated with osteopenia and osteoporosis?

A

Normal bone: T-score greater than -1
Osteopenia T-score -1 to -2.5
Osteoporosis T-score of -2.5 or less

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are some primary bone cancers?

A
  • Osteosarcoma
  • Chondrosarcoma
  • Ewing sarcoma
  • Chordoma
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What primary malignant tumours metastasise to bone?

A
  • Prostate: blastic
  • Breast: lytic and blastic
  • Kidney: lytic
  • Thyroid: lytic
  • Lung: lytic
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What does blastic mean?

A

Building

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What does lytic mean?

A

Break down

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is paediatric vitamin D deficiency?

A
  • Before physis closure

- Rickets

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is adult vitamin D deficiency?

A
  • After physis closure

- Osteromalacia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is osteogenesis imperfecta?

A

‘Brittle Bone Disease’

Hereditary – autosomal dominant or recessive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Why could there be a decrease in type 1 collagen in osteogenesis imperfecta?

A
  • Decreased secretion

* Production of abnormal collagen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What are the effects of decrease in type 1 collagen in osteogenesis imperfecta?

A
  • Bones
  • Hearing
  • Heart
  • Sight
26
Q

What is Paget’s disease and what is it caused by?

A

-Aetiology: Genetic & acquired factors
Excessive bone break down and disorganised remodeling -> deformity, pain, fracture or arthritis
-May transform into a malignant disease
-Bone doesn’t remodel

27
Q

What are the four stages of Pages disease?

A
  1. Osteoclastic Activity
  2. Mixed osteoclastic-osteoblastic activity
  3. Osteoblastic activity
  4. Malignant degeneration
28
Q

What is Wolff’s law?

A

Bone grows and remodels in response to the forces that are placed on it

29
Q

What happens in week 1 of fracture healing?

A
  1. Haematoma formation
  2. Release of cytokines
  3. Granualtion tissue
    - Inflammation
30
Q

What happens in week 2-4/1-4 months of fracture healing?

A
  1. Soft callus formation
    - Type II collagen - cartilage
  2. Converted to hard callus
    - Type I collagen - bone
31
Q

What happens in 4-12 months if fracture healing?

A
  • Callus repsonds to activity external forces, functional demands and growth
  • Excess bone is removed
32
Q

What are the steps of fracture healing?

A

Step 1: Bleeding/Haematoma – prostaglandins/cytokines released; growth factors increase local blood flow – Periosteal supply takes over
Step 2: Granulation Tissue/connective tissue/Fibrous tissue laid down / Soft Callus
Step3: Once fracture is bridged with soft callus- hard callus is formed ( laying down of Osteoid/ bone)
Step4 : Bone is remodelled via endochondral ossification lamellar bone in its place.
(look at notes)

33
Q

What is involved in primary bone healing?

A
  • Intermembranous healing

* Absolute stability

34
Q

What is involved in secondary bone healing?

A
  • Endochondral healing
  • Involves responses in the periosteum and external soft tissues
  • Relative stability
35
Q

What are general fracture healing times?

A
  • 3-12 Weeks depending on site

- Signs of healing visible on X-ray from 7-10 days

36
Q

How long does it take for phalanges to heal?

A

3 weeks

37
Q

How long does it take for metacarpals to heal?

A

4-6 weeks

38
Q

How long does it take for distal radius to heal?

A

4-6 weeks

39
Q

How long does it take for forearm to heal?

A

8-10 weeks

40
Q

How long does it take for femur to heal?

A

12 weeks

41
Q

How long does it take for tibia to heal?

A

10 weeks

42
Q

What are the different types of reduction in fracture management?

A
  • closed -> manipulation/traction -> skin/skeltal (pins in bones)
  • open -> mini-incision/full exposure
43
Q

What are the different types of hold in fracture management?

A
  • no metal
  • metal
  • Closed-> plaster/traction -> skin/skeltal (pins in bones)
  • Fixation
44
Q

What are the different types of rehabilitation in fracture management?

A
  • Move
  • physiotherapy
  • Use: painreleif / retrain
  • Strengthen
  • Weighbear
45
Q

What are types of fixation?

A
  • Internal -> intrameduillry (pins/nails) / extra medullary (plates/screws / pins)
  • External -> monoplane / multiplaner
46
Q

What are stages of fracture management?

A

reduce, hold, rehabilitate

47
Q

What is a muscle?

A

force and motion

48
Q

What is a ligament?

A

Connect bone to bone

49
Q

What is a tendon?

A

Connect muscle to bone

50
Q

Describe tendinopathy

A
  1. Tendinosis: abnormal thickening
  2. Tendinitis: inflammation
  3. Rupture
51
Q

What is a grade I ligament injury?

A

Slight incomplete tear – no notable joint instability

52
Q

What is a grade II ligament injury?

A

Moderate / Severe Incomplete Tear – Some joint instability. One ligament may be completely torn

53
Q

What is a grade III ligament injury?

A

complete tearing of 1 or more ligaments – Obvious instability. Surgery usually required

54
Q

Describe the inflammatory phase of ligament healing

A
  • Days: 1-7
  • Pathology: fibrin clots formed in ligament tears
  • Treatment implications: RICE / NSAIDS no longer recommended / Strat ROM exercises after 48 hours
55
Q

Describe the proliferation phase of ligament healing

A
  • Days: 7-21
  • Pathology: tendons and ligaments weakest, tensile strength builds
  • Treatment implications: full ROM and WB exercises
56
Q

Describe the remodelling phase of ligament healing

A
  • Days: >14 days
  • Pathology: tendons and ligaments heal with scar tissue that reduces ultimate strength causes adhesions
  • Treatment implications: build strength
57
Q

Describe the maturation phase of ligament healing

A
  • Days: weeks to years
  • Pathology: max strength reached within a year
  • Treatment implications: build strength
58
Q

How does the mechanical environment affect healing?

A
  1. Movement

2. Forces

59
Q

How does the biological environment affect healing?

A
  1. Blood supply
  2. Immune function
  3. Infection
  4. Nutrition
60
Q

What is good about immobilisation on injured ligamentous tissue?

A

•Less ligament laxity (lengthening)

61
Q

What is bad about immobilisation on injured ligamentous tissue?

A
  • Less overall strength of ligament repair scar
  • Protein degradation exceeds protein synthesis r net d in collagen quantity
  • Production of inferior tissue by blast cells
  • Resorption of bone at site of ligament insertion
  • Build tissue tensile strength (50% in 6 - 9 weeks)
62
Q

What are the benefits of mobilisation (movement) on injured ligamentous tissue?

A
  • Ligament scars are wider, stronger, and are more elastic

* Better alignment / quality of collagen

Z YEAR 1 BRS Bones (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions