intro to biostats lec

Question 1

a branch of ststistics that applies statistical methods to a wide range of topics in science (ex. Biology, Medicine, Public Health)

Answer 1

Biostatistics

Question 2

a fundamental discipline at the core of modern health data science, and underpins most ket public health research disciplines such as epidemiology and health services research

Answer 2

Biostatistics

Question 3

he study of factors that dedtermine the occurrence and distribution of a disease in a population

Answer 3

Epidemiology

Question 4

two types of epidemiology

Answer 4

o Classical Epidemiology
 studies the distribution and determinants of disease in a population

Clinical Epidemiology
application of princiles of epidemiology to clinical medicine

Question 5

o one of the most important aspects of a research is defining the subject
o anyone or anything that is the focal point of the study where data and information is sourced from

Answer 5

subject

Question 6

o the totality of the group of subjects
o the group of individuals/ites which consist of all possible subjects of interest

Answer 6

population

Question 7

defining the population is one of the most critical first steps in research T/F

Answer 7

T

Question 8

a representative sybset of a population o a smaller set (or a subset) of the
population

Answer 8

sample

Question 9

o a representative sample is a subset that provides an accurate picture of the whole population

o the data collcted from a sample may not ba 1:1 to the data collected from the population but is very similar to one anoher

Answer 9

sample

Question 10

a process used in statistical analysis in which a predetermined number of observations are taken from a larger population

Answer 10

Sampling

Question 11

if only certain members of the population are chosen _______, this can be misinterpreted and be called a biased sample

tavoid this, _____ is eacted to esure lack of bias

Answer 11

systematically; random sampling

Question 12

o a list of the population required by each type of random sample
o a list of subjects from the population which is often assigned a unique number

Answer 12

Sampling Frame

Question 13

Three Primary Types of Random Sampling

Answer 13

simple, stratified, systematic

Question 14

PRO and COn of simple

Answer 14

 PRO: each subject in the population has the same chance of being selected
 CON: may not be reflective of the true population; may also be difficult to conduct in large sample sizes

Question 15

eften done through a random number generator

Answer 15

simple

Question 16

a subset of a statistical population in which each member of the subset has an equal probability of being chosen and is meant to be an unbiased representation of a group

Answer 16

simple

Question 17

PRO and CON of stratified/ cluster

Answer 17

 PRO: more representative of the population due to the stratification – making it less biased
 CON: often involves more work in the beginning of the process of segementing the population into different subgroups or strata

Question 18

a method of sampling that involved the division of a population into smaller subgroups known as ____

Answer 18

strata

Question 19

PRO and CON of systematic

Answer 19

PRO: easy to conduct once the sampling frame is ordered and a number(s) is selected
 CON: prone to bias, especially if the samplng frame is unarranged or there is a similar characteristic for subjects every sth order

Question 20

in systemic, a random starting point will also be selected which starts the ______

Answer 20

chain of intervals/systematic selection

Question 21

a method for selecting a sample from a population in a _____manner, so as to minimize a sampling error

Answer 21

systemic; randomized

Question 22

Types of Variables

Answer 22

categorical, count, continuous

Question 23

variables whose potential measures
are limited to a known certain set of values
o only a limited set of values are possible
o pre-assignedvalues

Answer 23

categorical

Question 24

categorical is also known as

Answer 24

o also known as Discrete Variables

Question 25

Types of Categorical Variables

Answer 25

ordinal, nominal and dichotomous

Question 26

o variablesthatcanonlytakeon positive, whole value numbers and thus are considered discrete values
o in-between numbers do not count o can be counted

Answer 26

count

Question 27

variablesthathaveonlynumerical values and have no “natural gaps” between numbers

Answer 27

continuous

Question 28

variables that are measured instead of counted and are best analyzed by multiplying, dividing, adding, or subtracting the values

Answer 28

continuous