Intro to Biology C190 Flashcards
A chemical bond that involves sharing of electrons
Covalent Bond
both atoms, or ions, are held together by a difference in charge which creates an attraction between them
Ionic Bond
As ice forms on a pond, in the winter, the ice stays at the surface of the pond as it thickens throughout the season. Which property of water allows this to happen?
A. good solvent
B. cohesive
C. stable temperature
D. *change in density is what allows this to happen
a partially charged positive atom from one molecule is attracted to a partially charged negative atom of another molecule.
Hydrogen Bond
Reactants of cellular respiration
Oxygen and glucose
products of cellular respiration
carbon dioxide, water, and ATP
Random events that change the frequency of alleles and genotypes in a population.
genetic drift
The movement of alleles from one population to another, as a result of migration followed by breeding.
gene flow
All the individuals of the same species that occupy the same area and are likely to breed with one another.
population
Many different populations can live in any specific area. All of these populations can interact with each other in positive and negative ways, and together they form a community.
community
All the living things in a particular area together with the abiotic, or nonliving, parts of that environment.
ecosystem
The tendency of organisms and cells to maintain stable internal conditions.
homeostasis
Molecules spontaneously move from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration due to random movement.
simple diffusion
Molecules can spread into or out of a cell, following their natural tendency to spread out, moving down their concentration gradient.
simple diffusion
The process of helping molecules cross a membrane (down their concentration gradients) using channels or pores
Facilitated Diffusion
provides a semipermeable barrier between the inside and the outside of the cell
Cell membrane
Which kinds of molecules passe freely through the cell membrane
polar molecules, nonpolar molecules, & small molecules
The process of helping these molecules cross a membrane (down their concentration gradients) using channels or pores is referred to as
Facilitated Diffusion
with facilitated diffusion, molecules are moving down a concentration gradient, the process does not require the input of additional ______ from the cell
energy
In facilitated diffusion, molecules move through pores from areas of ____________ concentration to areas of ____________ concentration.
high
low
______ transport moves molecules against their concentration gradient
active
The source of energy for active transport is ______
ATP
Just as in facilitated diffusion, a protein channel is needed for the molecule to pass through the membrane.
Active transport
in active transport, the molecule is being moved _________ its concentration gradient
against
Which types of membrane transport could a molecule use to move down its concentration gradient?
simple diffusion and facilitated diffusion
A large polar molecule is found in high concentration inside a cell. As it moves out of the cell, which membrane transport mechanism is likely used?
facilitated diffusion or active transport?
*Facilitated diffusion is the correct answer
________ transport moves things up their concentration gradient.
Active
A cell uses ATP to move a small molecule across the membrane.
Which membrane transport mechanism is likely being used?
Facilitated diffusion, Simple diffusion, or Active transport?
*Active transport is the correct answer
The processes of endocytosis and exocytosis allow materials to move in and out of the cell without passing through the cell’s _______
membrane
material is engulfed within an infolding of the membrane and then brought into the cell within a cytoplasmic vesicle
endocytosis
an internal vesicle fuses with the membrane and releases its contents to the outside.
Exocytosis
The diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane.
osmosis
Which process stores energy in a glucose molecule?
photosynthesis
energy stored in the bonds of molecules
chemical potential energy
What is the name of the organelle that is mainly responsible for photosynthesis?
chloroplast
Light + H20 + CO2 → Sugar + O2 is an equation for photosynthesis. True or False
True
Produces NADPH
light-dependent reaction or to the Calvin cycle
light-dependent reaction
Produces oxygen
light-dependent reaction or to the Calvin cycle
light-dependent reaction
Uses ATP
light-dependent reaction or to the Calvin cycle
Calvin cycle
Uses carbon dioxide
light-dependent reaction or to the Calvin cycle
Calvin cycle
Produces sugars
light-dependent reaction or to the Calvin cycle
Calvin cycle
Energy used to power the Calvin cycle is stored in which molecule(s)
ATP and NADPH provide energy to the Calvin cycle.
At the end of the Calvin cycle, energy is stored in which molecule
Sugar
Which molecule has more chemical potential energy, ATP or ADP?
ATP has more energy stored in its bonds.
Which molecule is built through the process of phosphorylation
ATP is built through phosphorylation of ADP.
Which molecule emerges from the Calvin cycle?
ADP is a product of the Calvin cycle.
Cellular respiration: Sugar + O2 → CO2 + H2O + energy
True or False
TRUE
Which reaction produces ATP as an end product? the main source of ATP in aerobic cells
Photosynthesis or Cellular Respiration
Cellular respiration
Mitochondria are used for cellular respiration.
True or False
TRUE
The first step in cellular respiration is ________
Glycolysis
where, in a cell, does glycolysis take place
The cytoplasm
glucose is split into two 3-carbon molecules called
pyruvate
Which step of cellular respiration is glucose split into two 3-carbon molecules called pyruvate.
glycolysis which is step 1 of cellular respiration
Splitting the bonds of glucose releases enough energy to make two ATP and two NADH molecules in step one of cellular respiration called ____________
glycolysis
Where does the glucose that enters glycolysis come from?
photosynthesis and the food we eat
Cellular respiration Step 2 is called
The Krebs cycle
The next step in cellular respiration is the citric acid cycle (or Krebs cycle), which happens in the inner space of the
mitochondria
Which step in cellular respiration is the pyruvate from glycolysis broken down into acetyl coA
the Krebs cycle
In which cycle is acetyl coA further broken down to release energy and CO2
the Krebs cycle
The energy released from which process is used to build ATP, NADH, and FADH2
the Krebs cycle
Some of the energy in glucose is converted into ATP by glycolysis and the Krebs cycle, but some of it is still held in the electron carriers ___________ & ____________
NADH and FADH2.
These molecules carry high energy electrons to the electron transport chain
NADH and FADH2.
electrons are passed through the membrane inside the mitochondrion and used to build ATP in which step of cellular respiration
Step 3 The electron transport chain
Is oxygen required by or produced from cellular respiration
Required
Is ADP + P required by or produced from cellular respiration
Required
Is carbon dioxide required by or produced from cellular respiration
Produced
Carbon dioxide is a by-product of cellular respiration.
Is sugar required by or produced from cellular respiration
Required
Is water required by or produced from cellular respiration
Produced
What happens to the NADH produced in glycolysis?
It is used to produce ATP in the electron transport chain.
The electron transport chain generates large amounts of
ATP
Which stage of Mitosis is this: Chromosomes condense
Prophase (P)
Which stage of Mitosis is this: Chromosomes are moved to the center of the cell.
Metaphase (M)
Which stage of Mitosis is this: Sister chromatids are separated and move to opposites sides of the cell
Anaphase (A)
Which stage of Mitosis is this: New nuclear membranes are formed around the clusters of chromosomes on each side of the cell.
Telophase (T)
