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Introduction to Veterinary Terminology > Intro to Biology > Flashcards

Intro to Biology Flashcards

1
Q

Polymers

A

The result of monomers being linked together through polymerization

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2
Q

Carbohydrates

A

Macromolecules that are a source of energy and structure for many organisms

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3
Q

Lipid

A

Macromolecule used by the body to store energy and form membranes and barriers around cells

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4
Q

Nucleic Acid

A

Macromolecule comprised of hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon, and phosphorus; examples include RNA and DNA, which are responsible for storing genetic information

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5
Q

Protein

A

Macromolecule responsible for controlling many cell processes and serving as enzyme within chemical reactions

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6
Q

Photosynthesis

A

Process of using light to make sugar from carbon dioxide and water

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7
Q

Biopolymer

A

Natural polymer produced by living organisms

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8
Q

Glycogen

A

Stores energy in the muscles and liver of humans and other animals

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9
Q

Starches

A

Soluble, helical sugar structures produced by plants and used to store energy

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10
Q

Cellulose

A

Dietary fiber; plants use it for rigid structures, particularly plant stems

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11
Q

Complex Lipids

A

contain additional elements such as nitrogen, phosphorus, or sulfur

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12
Q

Simple Lipids

A

Contain only carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen

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13
Q

Triol

A

Carbon chain with three alcohol groups (-OH groups)

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14
Q

Unsaturated Fat

A

Long-chain hydrocarbon with at least one double bond

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15
Q

Phospholipid

A

Long-chain hydrocarbon held together by a phosphate group

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16
Q

Nucleotides

A

Four monomers that make up RNA and DNA

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17
Q

RNA

A

Ribonucleic acid

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18
Q

DNA

A

Deoxyribonucleic acid

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19
Q

Proteins

A

Extremely large polypeptides with molecular masses of 5,000 to 40,000,000 g/mol

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20
Q

Amino Acid

A

A molecule that has an NH2 group and a carboxylic acid group on a single carbon; considered the building block of life

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21
Q

Polypeptides

A

Many amino acids bonded together by an amide bond

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22
Q

Hierarchy

A

a way of dividing and organizing topics for studying

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23
Q

Biosphere

A

contains all living things on Earth and the ecosystems upon which they rely

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24
Q

Emergent Properties

A

properties observed that aren’t present in the preceding level of the hierarchy

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25
Q

Biomes

A

Highest levels of complexity (Amazon rainforest/Arctic tundra)

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26
Q

Systems biology

A

study of organisms and how they interact with their environment and other organisms

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27
Q

Cells

A

the fundamental units of any organism

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28
Q

Unicellular

A

consist of only one cell (e.g. bacteria)

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29
Q

Homeostasis

A

the stability of internal conditions

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30
Q

Three domains of life

A

Bacteria, archaea, and eukarya

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31
Q

The Scientific Method : Steps

A

Observation, Question, Formulate hypothesis, Develop prediction, Design experiment, Conduct experiment, Collect data, Analyze data

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32
Q

Element

A

Substances that are made up of only one kind of atom

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33
Q

How many elements occur naturally on earth?

A

94

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34
Q

Atom

A

smallest component of an element that retains all of the chemical properties of that element

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35
Q

Atomic Number

A

number of protons

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36
Q

Atomic Mass

A

number of protons and neutrons

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37
Q

Protons

A

Positively charged

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38
Q

Electrons

A

Negatively charged

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39
Q

Neutrons

A

Uncharged

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40
Q

Inert

A

Elements that have a full outer shell

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41
Q

Chemical bonds

A

atoms share electrons between adjacent outer shells

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42
Q

Compounds

A

Two or more elements joined together

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43
Q

Isotopes

A

Atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons

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44
Q

The atomic mass of the most common isotope of carbon

A

12

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45
Q

What exists in orbitals around the nucleus

A

Electrons

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46
Q

Valence electrons

A

electrons in the outermost energy level

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47
Q

Ionic bond

A

one atom loses one or more electrons and another atom gains the electrons that were lost by the first atom

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48
Q

Ion

A

an atom with a charge

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49
Q

Anion

A

Ions with a negative charge

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50
Q

Cation

A

ions with a positive charge

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51
Q

Covalent bond

A

Element share electrons to achieve a full outer shell

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52
Q

Molecule

A

atoms joined by a covalent bond ; the smallest unit of a compound that has the same properties as the compound

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53
Q

Nonpolar covalent bond

A

when the sharing of electrons between two covalently bonded atoms is nearly equal

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54
Q

Polar covalent bond

A

when the sharing of electrons between two covalently bonded atoms is not equal

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55
Q

Polar molecules

A

Molecules with dipoles (e.g. Water)

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56
Q

Cohesion

A

Water is attracted to water

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57
Q

Adhesion

A

Water is attracted to other substances

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58
Q

Polar

A

A bond or molecule in which one side of the molecule is positive and the other is negative

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59
Q

Dipole

A

Two regions on a molecule that have opposite charges

60
Q

Matter

A

Anything that takes up space and has mass

61
Q

Periods

A

Rows on the periodic table

62
Q

Groups

A

Columns on the periodic table

63
Q

Properties of water

A

Cohesion, adhesion, universal solvent

64
Q

Essential Amino Acids

A

Amino acids that can’t be synthesized by the body

65
Q

Two main secondary structures in proteins

A

alpha-helices ; beta-pleated sheets

66
Q

Pepsin

A

a protein that breaks down other proteins into smaller peptides and amino acids

67
Q

Enzymes

A

a class of proteins that catalyze reactions (e.g. pepsin)

68
Q

Glycogen

A

stores energy in the muscles and livers of humans and other animals

69
Q

Starches

A

are water-soluble, helical structures with alcohol groups readily available for hydrogen-bonding; used to store energy in plants.

70
Q

Cellulose

A

water insoluble ; collects unwanted residue as it passes through digestive tract

71
Q

Difference between a polypeptide and a protein

A

A polypeptide usually has a molecular mass of 5,000 g/mol or less. A protein has a molecular mass above 5,000 g/mol.

72
Q

Three common forms of carbohydrates

A

Monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides

73
Q

Which of the three common forms of carbohydrates is a polymer

A

Polysaccarides

74
Q

Fatty acids

A

lipids that are made only of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen

75
Q

DNA is a biopolymer made of four different

A

Nucleotides

76
Q

How is DNA copied?

A

Hydrogen bonding

77
Q

Cellular theory

A
  1. All living organisms are made of cells.
  2. Cells are the basic unit of life.
  3. All cells arise from preexisting cells.
  4. Hereditary information is passed from cell to cell.
  5. All cells have the same basic chemical composition.
  6. Energy flow occurs within cells.
78
Q

Eukaryotic Cells

A

Cells that have a membrane-bound nucleus, membrane-bound organelles, and multiple rod-shaped chromosomes in which DNA is stored

79
Q

Nucleoid

A

The irregularly-shaped region within prokaryotes that contains most of the genetic material of the cell

80
Q

Chromosome

A

threadlike structure that contains the genetic information (DNA) of a cell in the form of genes

81
Q

Peptidoglyican

A

A substance made up of sugars and proteins that forms the cell walls of many bacteria

82
Q

Bacteria

A

One of the six kingdoms of life, composed of prokaryotes only

83
Q

Archaea

A

One of the six kingdoms of life, composed of prokaryotes only

84
Q

Pilus

A

A hair-like structure found on the surface of many bacterial cells

85
Q

Flagellum

A

A microscopic appendage found on many bacterial cells that enables movement

86
Q

Capsule

A

A sugar-containing layer considered to be part of the bacterial cellular membrane

87
Q

Cytoplasm

A

Fills the cell inside the cellular membrane and holds all cellular material in place

88
Q

Nuclear Envelope

A

Surrounds the nucleus and offers an extra layer of protection to it

89
Q

Nucleolus

A

Produces ribosomes

90
Q

Ribosomes

A

Cellular organelles involved in DNA translation and protein production

91
Q

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

A

Works with ribosomes to produce proteins

92
Q

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

A

Manufactures lipids or fats; can also perform detoxification functions for the cell

93
Q

Peroxisomes

A

Primarily break down lipids and fats

94
Q

Vacuoles

A

Act as a place for animal cells to store molecules before they’re released from the cell or after they’re brought into the cell

95
Q

Amyoplasts

A

Unique to plant cells, store and synthesize starch

96
Q

Cytosol

A

Jelly-like fluid that fills the cytoplasm

97
Q

Nucleoplasm

A

Semisoft fluid that contains the nucleolus and chromatin

98
Q

Cisternae

A

Sacs and tubules in the endoplasmic reticulum

99
Q

Lumen

A

Internal part of the cisternae in the endoplasmic reticulum

100
Q

Cis

A

Receiving/opening end of the golgi apparatus

101
Q

Trans

A

Exit end of the golgi apparatus

102
Q

Cristae

A

Folds in the inner membrane layer of the mitochondria

103
Q

Mitochondrial Matrix

A

Outer membrane surrounding the mitochondria

104
Q

Chromoplasts

A

Organelle that stores the pigment for fruits and berries

105
Q

Characteristics of prokaryotes

A

No nucleus or membrane-bound organelles
Unicellular
Archaea and Bacteria

106
Q

Phospholipid bilayer

A

a selectively permeable membrane that controls the flow of molecules, ions, and proteins into and out of the cell

107
Q

Characteristics of Eukaryotes

A

Membrane-bound nucleus
Membrane-bound organelles
Multiples rod-shapes chromosomes where DNA is stored

108
Q

Cellular Respiration

A

the process of making ATP from oxygen, glucose, and other nutrients

109
Q

Lysosomes

A

filled with enzymes capable of breaking down proteins, polysaccharides, lipids, nucleic acids, and old organelles

110
Q

Autophagy

A

The process of recycling the cell material (amino acids and peptides)

111
Q

Characteristics shared by all cells

A

Plasma membrane
Cytosol
Chromosomes
Ribosomes

112
Q

Concentration Gradient

A

The process of molecules or solutes moving from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration

113
Q

Electrical Gradient

A

The electrical potential that acts on an ion to move it into or out of a cell structure

114
Q

Voltage

A

The electrical potential difference between two separate points

115
Q

Passive Transport

A

The movement of ions and other atomic or molecular substances across cell membranes without using energy

116
Q

Diffusion

A

The net passive movement of particles from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration

117
Q

Facilitated Diffusion

A

The process of passive transport of molecules and ions across a biological membrane through the use of membrane proteins known as channel proteins

118
Q

Active transport

A

The movement of ions or molecules across a cell membrane into a region of higher concentration, primarily conducted with the assistance of enzymes and pumps; requires energy

119
Q

Sodium-Potassium Pump

A

An enzyme that assists in the active transport of sodium and potassium molecules; uses ATP as an energy source

120
Q

Hypotonic

A

A solution having a lower osmotic pressure than a particular fluid

121
Q

Isotonic

A

when the concentrations of solute on the inside and outside are the same.

122
Q

Hypertonic

A

Having a higher osmotic pressure than a particular fluid

123
Q

Solute

A

A substance dissolved in another substance, usually at the particle level

124
Q

Enzyme

A

A biological catalyst that increases the rate of a chemical reaction

125
Q

Homeostasis

A

The tendency of living things to maintain a steady state of internal conditions

126
Q

Set point

A

Ideal internal conditions for an organism

127
Q

Negative Feedback Loop

A

Homeostatic process that changes the direction of the stimulus

128
Q

Positive Feedback Loop

A

Homeostatic process that maintains or enhances the stimulus

129
Q

Thermoregulation

A

Process by which animals regulate internal temperature

130
Q

Ectotherm

A

Depends on external conditions to maintain temperature

131
Q

Endotherm

A

Depends on internal processes to maintain temperature

132
Q

Fluid Mosaic Model

A

Hypothesis of how different things in a cell membrane are organized

133
Q

Intergral Proteins

A

Span the entire cell membrane and are considered part of the membrane

134
Q

Peripheral Proteins

A

Not part of the membrane but included on one side of it

135
Q

Transport proteins

A

Help substances cross the membrane

136
Q

Carrier Proteins

A

Class of transport proteins that change shape to move substances across the membrane

137
Q

Channel Proteins

A

Class of transport proteins that have a channel for substances to cross the membrane

138
Q

Endocytosis

A

The bulk transport of materials across a cell membrane by the membrane forming a vacuole around it

139
Q

Phagocytosis

A

A process by which food is moved across the membrane by enclosing it in a vacuole

140
Q

Pinocytosis

A

A process by which a cell moves water and dissolved substances across a membrane by enclosing it in a vacuole

141
Q

Most cells have an electrical potential difference of between

A

-40 and -80 milivolts

142
Q

Osmosis

A

the diffusion of water from areas of high water concentration to areas of low water concentration across a selectively permeable membrane

143
Q

Osmotic pressure

A

a determining force in water movement and causes water to move from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration

144
Q

Can a chemical gradient direct solute flow in one direction, and an electrical gradient direct solute flow in the opposing direction

A

Yes

145
Q

Describe the three different processes associated with endocytosis

A

Phagocytosis, Pinocytosis, and Receptor-mediated endocytosis

Introduction to Veterinary Terminology (5 decks)

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