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Introduction to Veterinary Terminology > Biology Plant Structure and Function > Flashcards

Biology Plant Structure and Function Flashcards

1
Q

Meristem cells

A

First cells when a plant embryo begins to develop

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2
Q

Apical meristems

A

Tissues located at the ends of a plant

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3
Q

Epidermal, ground, vascular

A

3 types of apical meristems

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4
Q

Epidermal tissue

A

forms the outer protective covering of a plant; cells exposed to air are covered by a waxy cuticle, restricting water loss and resists attacks from microorganisms.

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5
Q

Ground tissues

A

Fills the interior of a plant and helps carry out the functions of a particular organ; includes 3 types of simple tissues: parenchyma cells, collenchyma cells, sclerenchyma cells

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6
Q

Parenchyma cells

A

Type of simple ground tissue; has thin walls, are active in photosynthesis and storage

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7
Q

collenchyma cells

A

Type of simple ground tissue; provides support for primary tissues, has irregularly shaped corners and thicker cell walls.

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8
Q

sclerenchyma cells

A

Type of simple ground tissue; fibrous cells that give stalks their gravity-resisting strength.

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9
Q

Vascular tissue

A

Tissue that extends from the root through the stem to the leaves, and vice versa; 2 types of vascular tissues: xylem and phloem.

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10
Q

Xylem and Phloem

A

2 types of vascular tissue in vascular plants

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11
Q

Xylem

A

Type of vascular tissue in plants; transports water and minerals from roots to leaves; contains two types of conducting cells: vessel elements and tracheids.

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12
Q

vessel elements and tracheids

A

Two types of conducting cells in Xylem; dead at maturity, cell walls interconnect to form pipelines for water flow.

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13
Q

Phloem

A

Type of vascular tissue in plants; transports sugar, in the form of sucrose, and other organic compounds such as hormones, often from leaves to roots; conducting cells are called sieve-tube members and have a cluster of pores in their end walls collectively known as a sieve plate.

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14
Q

sieve tube members

A

The conducting cells of phloem; collectively known as a sieve plate; each one has a companion cell.

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15
Q

Shoot system

A

In above ground vascular plants; contains the stem, leaves, flowers, and fruits; anatomy consists of a lateral bud, node, internode, and terminal bud

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16
Q

Root system

A

the underground portion of a plant that anchors it in the soil and absorbs water and dissolved minerals; consists of root and root tip which also contains and apical meristem and produces primary growth downward.

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17
Q

perennial plants

A

Those that can outlast winter because their roots can survive to produce new shoots in spring.

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18
Q

Annual plants

A

Those that survive for one season only.

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19
Q

Monocots and Eudocots

A

2 major groups of flowering plants

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20
Q

cotyledons

A

Embryonic leaves present in seeds; the main difference between the 2 groups of flowering plants

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21
Q

Monocots

A

Plants whose embryos have one cotyledon; these cotyledons store some nutrients and act as a transfer tissue for nutrients stored elsewhere.

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22
Q

Eudicots (dicots)

A

Plants whose embryos have two cotyledons; these cotyledons supply nutrients for seedlings.

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23
Q

Leaves

A

chief organs of photosynthesis; composed of a blade attached to a peitiole, stalk that connects blade to stem.

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24
Q

Structures of leaves

A

Simple leaf-blade is undivided

Compound leaf-blade is divided

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25
Q

Mesophyll

A

Interior of a leaf; tissue that carries out photosynthesis and vascular tissue that transports water and minerals to the leaf and sugar out.

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26
Q

Palisade and spongy

A

2 distinct regions of mesophyll in a leaf

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27
Q

Palisade mesophyll

A

Contains elongated, tightly packed cells which increases the surface area for the absorption of sunlight.

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28
Q

Spongy mesophyll

A

Contains irregularly shaped cells surrounded by air spaces; loosely packed arrangement increases amount of surface area for gas exchange and water loss.

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29
Q

non-woody stems

A

Herbaceous plants that experience only primary growth (zinnias, mint, daisies); outermost layer is epidermis covered by cuticle; in eudicot stem, beneath epidermis is cortex and ground tissue in center is the pith; monocots stem lacks cortex and pith; xylem on inside of stem, phloem on outside

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30
Q

Cortex

A

Narrow bond of parenchyma cells beneath the epidermis in eudicot stems; sometimes green and carries on photosynthesis

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31
Q

Pith

A

Ground tissue in center of eudicot stem

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32
Q

Woody stems

A

Experiences both primary and secondary growth; vascular cambium forms ring of meristem that produces xylem & phloem each year

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33
Q

Bark

A

Contains cork, cork cambium, cortex, and phloem

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34
Q

Annual ring

A

Spring wood followed by summer wood

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35
Q

Roots

A

Support plant by anchoring in soil & absorbing water and minerals; have cylindrical shape and slimy surface

36
Q

vascular cylinder

A

Consists of xylem and phloem; in eudicot root, xylem is star-shaped & phloem is in regions between points of star; in monocots root, xylem and phloem bundles alternate surrounding a pith

37
Q

Endodermis

A

Controls passage of minerals into the vascular tissue; single layer of rectangular cells that fit snugly together

38
Q

Pericycle

A

Can form lateral roots; first layer of cells inside endodermis

39
Q

Root cortex

A

Contains starch granules; large thin-walled parenchyma cells

40
Q

Root epidermis

A

Often has root hairs; outer layer of root

41
Q

Nutrients

A

Elements essential for a given organisms growth and survival

42
Q

Essential plant elements

A

Oxygen, hydrogen, carbon

43
Q

Macronutrients

A

Nutrients required in greater amounts

44
Q

Micronutrients

A

Nutrients that make up traces of a plant’s dry weight

45
Q

Cofactors

A

Micronutrients; elements that ensure enzymes have correct shape

46
Q

Root hairs, root nodules

A

Specialized adaptations that aid in uptake of water and nutrients in plants

47
Q

Sand, silt, clay

A

3 textures of soil

48
Q

Loams

A

Soils containing a mixture of clay, sand, silt, and humus. Good for growing most crops.

49
Q

cohesion-tension model

A

A mechanism that describes how water and minerals travel upward in xylem cells

50
Q

Transpiration

A

Evaporation of water from the leaves of a plant

51
Q

90%

A

Amount of water taken up by root hairs and evaporating from leaves

52
Q

turgor pressure

A

Force of water creating a bulge in a plant cell

53
Q

Pressure-flow model

A

Explains how sugar is transported from source to sink

54
Q

Source

A

Where sugar is made or stored

55
Q

Sink

A

Where sugar will be used

56
Q

Plant hormones

A

auxins, gibberellins, cytokinins, abscisic acid, ethylene; small organic molecules produced by a plant that serve as chemical signals between cells and tissue.

57
Q

Auxins

A

Soften cell walls and allow growth; produced in the apical meristem located in terminal bud of shoot system and root tip; found in young leaves as well as flowers and fruits; inhibit lateral bud growth in vicinity of root tip, apical dominace, branches clipped to encourage bud growth; auxin moves from sunny side to shady side of plant during phototropism.

58
Q

Apical dominace

A

The inhibition of the lateral buds by the apical meristem, which is caused by the large amount of auxin produced by the apical bud. Cutting the top meristem removes the inhibiting source of auxin (which controls the growth of the plant up/down) , which is why the lateral buds then grow.

59
Q

Gibberellins

A

Growth-promoting hormones that are normally found in seeds; applied externally, they encourage dwarf plants to grow by elongating leaves and stems.

60
Q

Cytokinins

A

Hormones that promote cell division; if applied to plants, they can prevent senescence and restore aging leaves, as well as encourage new leaf growth; in plant metabolism, they work interactively w/ auxins, given the relative acidity of the plant environment, to promote or slow down plant growth; correct ratio of this and auxin is best

61
Q

abscisic acid (ABA)

A

Produced by any plant tissue that contains chloroplast as well as mono or endosperm and roots; called plant “stress” hormone bc it maintains the dormancy of seeds and buds and closes off stomata; closing off stomata is a specific response to water stress under drought conditions.

62
Q

Etheylene

A

Gas that moves freely in air; works with other plant hormones to produce varying effects; some include hastening of fruit ripening (ripe fruits give off this gas) and abscision (falling off of leaves, fruits, or flowers)

63
Q

Abscision

A

The falling off of leaves, fruits, or flowers from a plant.

64
Q

alteration of generations

A

Alternation of production of sporophytes and gametophytes in the plant life cycle

65
Q

Sporophytes

A

2n, spore-producing bodies that form in the vegetative body composed of roots, stems, leaves, and flowers

66
Q

Gametophytes

A

n, gamete-producing bodies that form in the male and female flower parts; microspores and megaspores

67
Q

Microspore

A

Female gametophyte, embryo sac

68
Q

Megaspore

A

Male gametophyte, pollen grain

69
Q

Sepal, petal

A

Non-fertile flower parts

70
Q

Stamen, carpel

A

Fertile flower parts

71
Q

Flower

A

Reproductive structure unique to angiosperms; produce spores and protect gametophytes; attract pollinators and produce fruits that enclose seeds

72
Q

Sepal

A

Most leaflike of all flower parts; usually green but some resemble petals; protects the bud as flower develops

73
Q

Petals

A

Non-fertile flower part; color accounts for attractiveness; size, shape, and color of these are attractive to specific pollinators

74
Q

Stamen

A

Male portion of flower; has 2 parts: anther (sac-like container) and filament (slender stalk); haploid spores form in anthers and give rise to male gametophytes (pollen grain)

75
Q

Carpel

A

Female portion of flower that has a vase like structure; has 3 parts: stigma (enlarged, sticky knob), style (slender stalk), and ovary (enlarged base enclosing one or more ovules); ovule becomes seed & ovary becomes fruit

76
Q

Complete flowers

A

Those with both fertile and non-fertile parts

77
Q

Incomplete flowers

A

Those without fertile and non-fertile parts

78
Q

Bisexual flowers

A

Flowers that have both sexes (stamen and carpel).

79
Q

Monoecious plants

A

Both male and female flowers are on one plant

80
Q

dioecious plants

A

Male and female parts are on separate plants

81
Q

Pollination

A

Transfer of pollen grains from an anther to a stigma; pollen grain germinates and develops into a pollen tube that grows down into the ovary, carrying the sperm nuclei with it

82
Q

Double fertilization

A

Occurs when the sperm reaches the ovule; diploid zygote forms along with the nutritive tissue needed to sustain it (these form a seed)

83
Q

Fruits

A

Develop from ovaries while seeds are forming; help protect and disperse the seeds.

84
Q

asexual reproduction

A

Can be thought of as an alternative option in flowering plants; cells of nondifferentiated meristem tissue in plants routinely reproduce this way

85
Q

Totipotent

A

Plant cells that can become an entire plant

86
Q

Genetically Modified Plants (GMPs)

A

Transgenic plants; plant that’s had its DNA altered in some way; used to improve agriculture, food quality, and medicinal traits

87
Q

Protection

A

What is the function of the root cap?

Introduction to Veterinary Terminology (5 decks)

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