Intro to Bioenergetics

Question 1

Bioenergetics

Answer 1

the process by which energy is made and consumed by living things

Question 2

Metabolism

Answer 2

the sum of all chemical processes occurring in the tissue consisting of catabolic and anabolic reactions

Question 3

Types of Energy

Answer 3

Potential and Kinetic

Question 4

Potential Energy

Answer 4

Energy is position (gravitational), stored within chemical bonds

Question 5

Kinetic Energy

Answer 5

Releasing potential energy of motion

Question 6

What is ATP?

Answer 6

Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP): food contains potential energy - transferred - to make ATP

Question 7

Structure of ATP

Answer 7

Adenine- Nitrogen Base
Ribose- five-carbon sugar
Phosphate- three groups containing “high” energy bond

Question 8

Laws of Energy Transfer and How It Relates to Exercise

Answer 8

1. Energy is neither created nor destroyed, the body just transforms it from one form to another.
2. The potential of energy in any spontaneous process always proceeds in a direction that decreases the capacity to do work

All the potential energy in a system degrades to the unusable form of kinetic or heat energy.

Question 9

Efficiency of energy transfer (How efficient is the body?)

Answer 9

efficiency (%) = (work output/energy input) x 100

Question 10

How much do we get out of what we put in?

Answer 10

Lose it as heat
Only captures 15-30%

Question 11

Exergonic

Answer 11

Described any physical or chemical process that results in the releases of energy to its surrounding-gives off energy (downhill, catabolic)

Question 12

Endergonic

Answer 12

Chemical processes that store or absorb energy (uphill reaction, anabolic)

Question 13

Hydrolysis Reactions

Answer 13

catabolic reaction, a process where organic molecules are degraded to simpler molecules.

AB+ H2O–> AH + BOH

Question 14

Condensation Reactions

Answer 14

process where complex organic molecules are formed from simpler molecules

AB + H2O <– AH + BOH

Question 15

Phosphorylation

Answer 15

A biochemical process that involves the addition of phosphate to an organic compound.

Substrate Phosphorylation = not coupled
Oxidative Phosphorylation = coupled

Question 16

Oxidation Reactions

Answer 16

Involved the transfer of oxygen atoms, hydrogen atoms, or electrons. Loss of electrons!

Question 17

Reduction reactions

Answer 17

Involves the transfer of oxygen atoms, hydrogen atoms, or electrons. Gain all electrons!

Question 18

Redox Reactions

Answer 18

transfer of e-

oxidation of loss of e-

LEO- loss of electron oxidation -GER- gain electron reduction

coupled: oxidation occurs with reduction
ex: electron transport chain

“lock and key” mechanism of an enzyme and substrate

Question 19

Be able to describe how an enzyme works and what things can control enzyme activity

Answer 19

Coenzymes: usually speed up reactions and are needed by some enzymes in order to work

Question 20

How do we regulate enzyme activity

Answer 20

Substrate concentration: the availability of reactants affects the speed of a chemical reaction

Temperature

pH

Enzyme number: exercise training increases gene expression of certain specific enzymes

Question 21

Allosteric Modification

Answer 21

A molecule that binds to a site on the enzyme other than the active site and affects the rate at which the enzyme processes substrate

Question 22

Covalent Modification

Answer 22

Binding of a molecule through a chemical bond that affects enzyme activity

Question 23

Kinase

Answer 23

An enzyme that catalyzes transfer of a
phosphate group from ATP to a specified
molecule

Question 24

Phosphorylase

Answer 24

An enzyme that catalyzes
addition of a phosphate group from an inorganic phosphate to a specialized molecule

Question 25

Phosphatase

Answer 25

Enzyme that uses Hydrolysis to cleave phosphate group from a substrate