Intro to Bioenergetics Flashcards
Bioenergetics
the process by which energy is made and consumed by living things
Metabolism
the sum of all chemical processes occurring in the tissue consisting of catabolic and anabolic reactions
Types of Energy
Potential and Kinetic
Potential Energy
Energy is position (gravitational), stored within chemical bonds
Kinetic Energy
Releasing potential energy of motion
What is ATP?
Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP): food contains potential energy - transferred - to make ATP
Structure of ATP
Adenine- Nitrogen Base
Ribose- five-carbon sugar
Phosphate- three groups containing “high” energy bond
Laws of Energy Transfer and How It Relates to Exercise
- Energy is neither created nor destroyed, the body just transforms it from one form to another.
- The potential of energy in any spontaneous process always proceeds in a direction that decreases the capacity to do work
All the potential energy in a system degrades to the unusable form of kinetic or heat energy.
Efficiency of energy transfer (How efficient is the body?)
efficiency (%) = (work output/energy input) x 100
How much do we get out of what we put in?
Lose it as heat
Only captures 15-30%
Exergonic
Described any physical or chemical process that results in the releases of energy to its surrounding-gives off energy (downhill, catabolic)
Endergonic
Chemical processes that store or absorb energy (uphill reaction, anabolic)
Hydrolysis Reactions
catabolic reaction, a process where organic molecules are degraded to simpler molecules.
AB+ H2O–> AH + BOH
Condensation Reactions
process where complex organic molecules are formed from simpler molecules
AB + H2O <– AH + BOH
Phosphorylation
A biochemical process that involves the addition of phosphate to an organic compound.
Substrate Phosphorylation = not coupled
Oxidative Phosphorylation = coupled
Oxidation Reactions
Involved the transfer of oxygen atoms, hydrogen atoms, or electrons. Loss of electrons!
Reduction reactions
Involves the transfer of oxygen atoms, hydrogen atoms, or electrons. Gain all electrons!
Redox Reactions
transfer of e-
oxidation of loss of e-
LEO- loss of electron oxidation -GER- gain electron reduction
coupled: oxidation occurs with reduction
ex: electron transport chain
“lock and key” mechanism of an enzyme and substrate
Be able to describe how an enzyme works and what things can control enzyme activity
Coenzymes: usually speed up reactions and are needed by some enzymes in order to work
How do we regulate enzyme activity
Substrate concentration: the availability of reactants affects the speed of a chemical reaction
Temperature
pH
Enzyme number: exercise training increases gene expression of certain specific enzymes
Allosteric Modification
A molecule that binds to a site on the enzyme other than the active site and affects the rate at which the enzyme processes substrate
Covalent Modification
Binding of a molecule through a chemical bond that affects enzyme activity
Kinase
An enzyme that catalyzes transfer of a
phosphate group from ATP to a specified
molecule
Phosphorylase
An enzyme that catalyzes
addition of a phosphate group from an inorganic phosphate to a specialized molecule
Phosphatase
Enzyme that uses Hydrolysis to cleave phosphate group from a substrate
