Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biochem Mini 1 > Intro To Biochem > Flashcards

Intro To Biochem Flashcards

0
Q

“The molecular logic of life

A

Biochem seeks to describe structures, mechanisms, and chemical processes shared by all organisms in molecular terms.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
1
Q

Biochemistry

A

The study of matter that makes up living organisms.

  • Bioinorganic: non-C based
  • Bioorganic: Hydrocarbon based
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Properties that differentiate living and inanimate objects

A

Living organisms:

1: have chemical complexity
2: extract, transform and use energy
3: have capacity for self replication and self assembly
4: have mechanisms to sense and respond to changes in surroundings
5: have defined functions for components

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Property 1: Living organisms have chemical complexity: General

A
  • Thousands of molecules make up cells intricate internal structures
  • Thousands more allow cell to perform functions for life
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Property 1: Living organisms have chemical complexity: Biomolecules

A

Are all chemical compounds in living organisms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Macromolecules

A

A molecule having a molecular weight in range of a few thousand to many millions

  • molecular weight: dimensionless ratio of mass of a molecule to 1/12th of Carbon
  • molecular mass: expressed in terms of Dalton’s or atomic mass unit (amu)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Configuration

A

Fixed spatial arrangement of atoms.

Can only be changed by breaking covalent bonds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Confirmation

A

Spatial arrangement of substituent groups.

Can be changed without breaking covalent bonds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

4 major classes of bio macromolecules

A
  • Carbohydrates (glucose, glycogen)
  • Lipids (fatty acids, cholesterol)
  • Proteins (Enzymes)
  • Nucleic Acids (DNA, RNA)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Dehydration synthesis

A

Chemical removal of a water molecule.

Bio macromolecule polymers are constructed from smaller monomeric subunits using this process

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Hydrolysis

A

Chemical addition of water.

Process used to break down polymers into small monomeric subunits

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Property 2: living organisms extract, transform, and use energy from environment: General

A
  • Obtained by chemical nutrients or sunlight
  • Allows organisms to build and maintain their intricate structures.
  • Allows orgs. to do mechanical, chemical, osmotic, and other work
  • Inorganic doesn’t do work. Just moves to greater disorder until at equilibrium
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Property 2: living organisms extract, transform, and use energy from environment: Special Topics

A
  • Bioenenergetics (study of energy transformations and exchanges)
  • Organisms vs. Environment (orgs. are open systems and not at equilibrium. (Constantly extract and use energy).
  • Available energy to do work is Gibbs Free Energy (G).
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Entropy

A

Tendency for systems to decay to highest state of disorder. Orgs depend on constant supply of energy to avoid this.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Gibbs Free Energy (G)

A

Available energy to do work.

^G>0, rxn is endergonic/ non spontaneous, absorbs energy

^G<0, rxn is exergonic/spontaneous, releases energy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Property 3: living orgs have capacity for self replication and self assembly: general

A
  • Occurs at molecular (DNA replication), cellular (mitosis), and organismal (sex).
  • almost always with near perfect fidelity (exceptions are basis of diseases)
  • driving force of this is DNA
16
Q

Property 3: living orgs have capacity for self replication and self assembly: special topics

A
  • Molecular level: flow of genetic info
  • Cellular level: cell cycle and division
  • Organismal level: all events that are part of orgs life and development are initiated, driven and controlled by genetic and biochemical factors
17
Q

DNA Replication

A

DNA polymerase uses DNA to make exact copies of itself using complementary strands

18
Q

Transcription

A

Process to synthesize RNA strands using one complementary strand of DNA via action of RNA polymerase

19
Q

Reverse transcription

A

Offshoot of central dogma.

Some viruses use their RNA to synthesize DNA via reverse transcriptase

20
Q

RNA replication

A

Offshoot of central dogma.

Viruses use their RNA to synthesize other RNA with complementary sequences via RNA dependent RNA polymerase.

21
Q

Translation

A

Using mRNA to synthesize protein molecule with specific amino acid sequences. Ribosome,tRNA molecules and other proteins drive this process

22
Q

Property 4: Orgs have mechanisms for sensing and responding to external alterations by changing internal chemistry: Special Topics

A
  • Chemical signaling
  • Gene expression
  • Metabolism
23
Q

Chemical signaling

A

Primary way for cell to detect alterations. Chemical messages can be environmental, produced by other organisms or by other cells in same organism. Prominent use of signal transduction

24
Q

Process of cell signaling

A

Reception: ability to recognize signal

Transduction: transmission of signal to internal molecules

Response: change as a result of the signal. Depends on type of signal.

25
Q

Gene expression

A

Primary way a cell responds to change is by change in expression of key genes.

Turning on/off and/or upregulating/downregulating genes

26
Q

Regulation: 1. transcriptional, 2. post transcriptional, 3. RNA transport, 4. translational, 5. post translational, 6. protein degradation

A
  1. Controlling synthesis of RNA
  2. Controlling maturation of RNA molecules
  3. Controlling movement of RNA molecules from nucleus to cytosol
  4. Controlling synthesis of proteins
  5. Controlling activity of proteins through chemical modification
  6. Controlling stability and half life of proteins.
27
Q

Metabolism

A

Driven by enzymes. Even for exergonic, non spontaneous rxn.

Full complement of chemical reactions that occur in orgs to maintain life

28
Q

Metabolic pathways

A

Sequence of rxns where product serves as reactant for next. Ultimate product is different molecule than original.

Eg. Glycolysis. Original: glucose. Final: pyruvate.

29
Q

Metabolic cycle

A

Final product is same as original molecule

Eg. Citric acid cycle. Original and final: Oxaloacetate.

30
Q

Catabolism

A

Division of metabolism that is responsible for breakdown of larger molecules into smaller molecules. Process produces energy

31
Q

Anabolism

A

Division of metabolism that is responsible for formation of larger molecules from smaller ones. Process consumes energy

32
Q

ATP

A

Links anabolism and catabolism.

  • Primary molecule used for metabolic energy
  • not necessarily “high energy.” Covalent bonds have the same energy as other similar bonds but range structure of ATP makes it easier
33
Q

Central pathways of metabolism

A

Ones that deal with carbohydrates (glucose) and lipids. They involve major pathways of energy production.

Pathways are driven by eating and fasting cycle. (Flooding body with nutrients, vitamins, minerals, AA’s, etc.)

34
Q

Glycolysis and TCA

A

Breakdown of glucose to produce pyruvate and ATP. Pyruvate is used in TCA to produce more ATP.

Electron transport chain utilizes oxidative phosphorylation to recycle metabolites in glycolysis and TCA.

35
Q

Glycogenesis and lipogenesis.

A

Glyco- production of glycogen from glucose.

Lipo- building and storing of complex lipids from simple building blocks.

36
Q

Glycogenolysis and lipolysis

A

Glyco- breakdown of glycogen into glucose.

Lipo- breakdown of complex lipids into simpler lipids.

37
Q

Gluconeogenesis

A

Anabolic Production of glucose using simple amino acids broken down from proteins.

38
Q

Property 5: living orgs have defined functions for each components: general

A

Occurs at all levels and all systems work closely together.

  • Changes in one component leads to change in other.
  • the whole ensemble of chemical components display a character
  • Collection of molecules on living off carries out a program to give life

Biochem Mini 1 (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions