Intro to Bacteria

Question 1

Prokaryotes

Answer 1

Lack nuclear membrane Small in size
Divide by transverse fission
Rapid multiplication

Question 2

3 Shapes of bacteria

Answer 2

Rods(bacilli), Cocci(spherical), Spirochetes(corkscrew)

Question 3

Bacterial Envelope use

Answer 3

Used for protection, virulence, and anti-bacterial drug target

Question 4

Components of Bacterial enevelopes

Answer 4

Plasma membrane
Cell Wall

Question 5

Plasma Membrane make up

Answer 5

Lipid Bilayer + proteins

Question 6

Plasma membrane use

Answer 6

What goes in/out of cell & gets ATP

Question 7

Cell Wall make up

Answer 7

Peptidoglycan
(good target for antibiotics)

Question 8

Cell Wall use

Answer 8

integrity of envelope, if damaged cell will lyse

Question 9

Makeup of Peptidoglycan

Answer 9

N-acetylmuramic acid & N-acetylglucosamine

Question 10

What configuration is in humans (L or D)

Answer 10

L in humans and D in bacteria

Question 11

Last 2 side chains in peptidoglycan monomer

Answer 11

Alanine

Question 12

Peptidoglycan assembly

Answer 12

Glycine bridge essential for integrity, if damaged cell lyses

Question 13

Penicillin

Answer 13

Structural analogue to D-ala-D-ala of peptidoglycan side chain
Forms irreversible covalent bond with active site of cross linking enzyme

Question 14

How to ID bacteria

Answer 14

Gram Stain

Question 15

Thick peptidoglycan

Answer 15

Gram Positive (Purple/Blue when stained)

Question 16

Thin peptidoglycan

Answer 16

Gram Negative (Pink/Red when stained)

Question 17

Gram Positive Envelope

Answer 17

Thick peptidoglycan
Protein Fibrillae
Teichoic acids
Group Carbohydrate

Question 18

Protein Fibrillae

Answer 18

Attachment and virulence factor in both gram positive and negative bacteria

Question 19

Teichoic acids

Answer 19

unique to gram positives
flag for immune system
stability of cell wall

Question 20

Group Carbohydrate

Answer 20

important for ID

Question 21

Gram Negative Envelope

Answer 21

Thin peptidoglycan
Plasma membrane
Outer Membrane
Periplasm

Question 22

Outer membrane

Answer 22

Impermeable
Outer leaflet composed of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)

Question 23

Periplasm

Answer 23

Between plasma membrane and outer membrane, where peptidoglycan resides

Question 24

Porin Proteins

Answer 24

Exterior is hydrophobic and Interior is hydrophilic
Pore diameter determines ability of antibiotics to enter cell

Question 25

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) Makeup

Answer 25

O-antigen Core Lipid A:Toxin

Question 26

O-Antigen

Answer 26

Evades immune system Can change antigenic structure

Question 27

Lipid A

Answer 27

Endotoxin (part of cell) Released only when cell lyses Causes shock in humans

Question 28

Bacterial Appendages

Answer 28

Flagella Pili Conjugation Pili

Question 29

Flagella

Answer 29

Locomotion H-antigen

Question 30

Pili

Answer 30

Virulence factor Attachment to mammalian or other bacterial cells

Question 31

Conjugation Pili

Answer 31

Transfer of DNA between bacteria Virulence Factor

Question 32

Capsules

Answer 32

K antigen Virulence factor Can change antigen of capsule

Question 33

What are Spores

Answer 33

Specialized cell created on bacteria in unfavorable environments Resistant to boiling & disinfectant

Question 34

Who has spores

Answer 34

Only gram positive rods

Question 35

What happens when spore is created

Answer 35

Bacteria goes into suspended animation and when conditions are favorable again they will germinate

Question 36

Medial spore

Answer 36

Spore in middle of cell

Question 37

Terminal Spore

Answer 37

Spore at end of cell

Question 38

Bacterial chemotaxis

Answer 38

Counterclockwise flagella: bacteria go straight Clockwise flagella: random tumbling to change direction

Question 39

Types of Bacterial Cultures

Answer 39

Liquid Culture: bacteria suspended in liquid broth Petri Dish Culture: Bacteria placed in solid gel agar

Question 40

What are Bacterial Cultures Used for

Answer 40

Identifying bacteria and quantity of bacteria

Question 41

Obligate Aerobes

Answer 41

Only grow in presence of oxygen

Question 42

Facultative Anaerobes

Answer 42

Grow in both anaerobic and aerobic conditions but prefer oxygen

Question 43

Obligate Anaerobes

Answer 43

Only grow in presence of no oxygen

Question 44

Aerotolerant anaerobes

Answer 44

Can grow a bit in aerobic conditions but grows best in anaerobic ones

Question 45

Micro-aerophiles

Answer 45

Aerobic but only needs little oxygen to grow

Question 46

Types of Media

Answer 46

Minimal Complete/Enriched Selective Differential

Question 47

Minimal Media

Answer 47

Minimal nutrients required for growth (hardy)

Question 48

Complete/Enriched Media

Answer 48

Needs a lot of support to grow (fastidious)

Question 49

Selective

Answer 49

Selects for or against certain types of bacteria

Question 50

Differenetial

Answer 50

Distinguishes between types of bacteria

Question 51

Hemolysis

Answer 51

Lysing of red blood cells Alpha hemolytic: partial lyses (green) Beta hemolytic: complete lyses (yellow) Gamma hemolytic: no lyses (no color change)

Question 52

Macconkey Agar

Answer 52

Differential and selective Selective: only grows gram negative bacteria Differential: pH indicator for lactose fermenting

Question 53

Mannitol Salt Agar

Answer 53

Differential and selective Selective: Some bacteria cannot survive high salt environment Differential: pH indicator for metabolizing mannitol

Question 54

Bacterial gentics

Answer 54

All descendents are identical and all copies of genome are identical

Question 55

Antigenic phase variation

Answer 55

bacteria becomes antibiotic resistant

Question 56

Genome size

Answer 56

The more genes in a bacteria, the more hardy it is.