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Cocci Flashcards

1
Q

Gram Positive Cocci

A

Staphylococci
Streptococci
Enterococci

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2
Q

Staphylococci

A

Clusters of cocci
Hardy (resistant to drying/heat)
Normal skin/nasal flora
Common nosocomial infection

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3
Q

All pathogenic staphylococci are

A

catalase positive

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4
Q

Major staph pathogen

A

S.aureus (coagulase positive)

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5
Q

Other staph pathogens

A

S. epidermidis
S. saprophyticus
(both coagulase negative)

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6
Q

S. aureus

A

Golden colonies on agar
Catalase and Coagulase positive
Part of normal flora and common

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7
Q

S. aureus virulence factors

A

Cell surface
-Protein A
-Capsule
-Adhesions
Cytotoxins
-Hemolysins
-PVL
Spreading Factors/Invasins
-Staphylokinase
-Collagenase
-Lipase
Superantigen Toxins
-TSST-1
-Enterotoxin
-Exfoliatin

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8
Q

S. aureus epidemiology

A

Predisposition to infection include tissue injury, pre existing primary infection, diabetes, immunodeficiency
Infections can be localized or systemic
Common hospital-associated infection

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9
Q

S. aureus clinical manifestations

A

Most common is skin and soft tissue infections (SSTIs)
Infections of other tissue
Toxinoses

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10
Q

S.aureus resistance

A

95% resistant to penicillin
Antistaphylococcal penicillin created but resistance to that creates MRSA

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11
Q

S. epidermidis

A

Normal skin flora
Cause wound infections through broken skin
Less virulent
Nosocomial/opportunistic infections
Resistant to penicillin & methicillin

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12
Q

S. saprophyticus

A

Normal vaginal flora
UTI/cystitis in women
Natural resistance to novobiocin
Sensitive to penicillin G

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13
Q

Streptococcus

A

Long chains of cocci
Fastidious (sensitive to drying/heat)
Catalase Negative

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14
Q

Beta Hemolytic Strep

A

Group A & B

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15
Q

Alpha hemolytic strep

A

Non Lancefield group strep

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16
Q

Gamma hemoyltic strep

A

Group D

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17
Q

Group A Strep (GAS): S. pyogenes

A

Virulence Factors: M protein, Streptolysin O and S, Exotoxins
Bacitracin sensitive

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18
Q

GAS clincial manifestions

A

Pharyngitis
Skin infections: impetigo/erysipelas
Toxic shock syndrome

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19
Q

Post infection consequences of GAS

A

Rheumatic fever & Glomerulonephritis

20
Q

S. pyogenes epidemiology

A

Inhabits throat, nasopharynx, and skin
Contact, droplet, and food transmission
Children predominantly affected

21
Q

Group B Strep: S. agalactiae

A

Normal flora of female reproductive tract
Leading cause of neonatal sepsis, meningitis, or pneumonia
Bacitracin resistant

22
Q

Viridans Group strep

A

Mainly in oral cavity
Not very invasive, dental procedures facilitate entrance
Optochin resistant

23
Q

Viridans Group strep clinical manifestations

A

Dental caries
Endocarditis in people with pre existing heart condition

24
Q

S. pneumoniae

A

Cause of most bacterial pneumonias
Lancet shaped
Optochin sensitive

25
S. pneumoniae virulence factors
Polysaccharide capsule
26
S. pneumoniae epidemiology
Normal flora in nasopharynx Fastidious Young children, elderly, immunocompromised, smokers are susceptible People with sickle cell and splenectomies also susceptible
27
S. pneumoniae clinical manifestations
Lobar pneumonia Otitis media Meningitis Bacteremia and sepsis
28
S. pneumoniae vaccine
1983: PPV 2010: PCV13
29
Group D strep: S. bovis
Non-enterococcal strep Normal GI flora Gamma hemolytic Associated with GI malignancy/colon cancer
30
Enterococci
Group D/distinct strep Gamma/alpha hemolytic E. faecalis & E. faecium most rleavent species
31
Enterococci epidemiology
Normal GI flora Rarely cause disease in healthy people Resistant to chemical agents and persist on fomites Not very virulent but common nosocomial pathogen Opportunistic urinary/biliary infection or intra-abdominal abscess Infection can lead to endocarditis pr bactermia/sepsis
32
VRE
Vancomycin resistant enterococci
33
Lab identification for Enterococci
Bile Esculin test (Group D strep) NaCl broth (enterococci salt resistant)
34
Gram Negative Cocci
N. gonorrhoeae N. meningitidis
35
Neisseria
Gram negative, kidney shaped Aerobic Sensitive to heat and drying/fastidious
36
N. gonorrhoeae
Unencapsulated Gene conversion and phase variation to evade immune system Pili, Opa, LOS
37
N. gonorrhoeae epidemiology
Sexually transmitted disease Attack mucous membranes Many infected people are asymptomatic
38
N. gonorrhoeae clinical manifestations
Genitourinary tract infections Pharyngitis/rectal infections Ophthalmia neonatorum DGI
39
N. gonorrhoeae diagnosis
Specimens Smears Culture (classic method) NAATS (PCR based)
40
N. meningitidis virulence factors
Antigenic capsule Pili, LOS, Opa
41
N. meningitidis epidemiology
Epidemic waves in closed communities In nasopharynx of carriers Can infect young/healthy individuals Rapid onset and progression Vaccine available
42
N. meningitidis Clinical manifestion
Fever, chills, joint/muscle Petechial rash
43
Meningitis clinical manifestation
Purulent CSF Severe headache Stiff neck Sensitivity to light Vomiting Altered mental state
44
Fulminant Septicemia clinical manifestation
LOS-mediated schock Frequently in infants -Large purple blotchy hemorrhages -Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)
45
N. meningitidis treatment
Antibiotic treatment Prophylactic antibiotics administered to family and close contact people
46
N. meningitidis lab test
Gram stain Oxidase positive Culture to differentiate from N. gonorrhoeae ( N. meningitidis can utilize glucose & maltose)
47
N. meningitidis vaccine
Tetravalent conjugate vaccines (NJ required) Meningococcal B vaccine

Micro/Immune (3 decks)

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