Intro to APP

Question 1

Define Anatomy

Answer 1

Anatomy is the study of internal and external body structures and their physical relationships with other body parts

Question 2

Define Physiology

Answer 2

Physiology is the study of how living organisms perform vital functions.

Question 3

Describe form and function

Answer 3

The structure of the body parts relate to it’s function

Question 4

Define a Cell

Answer 4

A cell is the smallest component that can perform the characteristics of life; a basic unit of life

Question 5

Define a tissue

Answer 5

A collection of similar cells which are grouped together to form a specialized function.
There are four major types: epithileal, nervous, muscular and connective.

Question 6

Define an organ

Answer 6

A structural grouping of tissues that perform a specific function or functions

Question 7

Cell membrane

Answer 7

The semipermeable membrane that encloses the cytoplasm of a cell.
Flexible, thin (12nm) and strong.

Question 8

Nucleus

Answer 8

The part of the cell which contains genetic material (DNA) in the form of chromosones.

Question 9

Mitochondria

Answer 9

‘The powerhouse of the cell’ -produces APT for energy through cellular respiration.

Question 10

Define an organ system

Answer 10

A group of organs that work together to carry out a particular task.

Question 11

Explain the structure of the cell membrane.

Answer 11

Made of a phospholipid bilayer. Bi meaning two. The phospholipid’s have a hydrophillic head and hydrophobic tail. The hydrophillic heads form the barrier of the cell membrane protecting the hydrophobic tails from interstital and cytosolic fluid.

Question 12

Semi-permeable membrane

Answer 12

Does not allow all molecules through it’s channels.

Question 13

Diffusion

Answer 13

Molecules move from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration. This will stop when they two areas reach equillibrium. This process is passive.

Question 14

Active Transport

Answer 14

Molecules move from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration, this uses energy in the cell. This process is often helped by a protein pump in the cell membrane.

Question 15

Phagocytosis

Answer 15

The process by which a cell engulfs a particle and digests it. (White blood cells/ neutrophils)

Question 16

Pinocytosis

Answer 16

Cell absorbs small particles outside the cell and brings them inside. The word pinocytosis comes from the Greek for “cell drinking”. It is different from Phagocytosis because of the amount of the particles being taken in.

Question 17

Osmosis

Answer 17

Osmosis is when a substance crosses a semipermeable membrane in order to balance the concentrations of another substance.

Question 18

Endocytosis

Answer 18

The process of actively transporting molecules into the cell by engulfing it with its membrane.

Question 19

Epithileal Tissue Form

Answer 19

Held together by tight junctions.
Cells sit on a basement membrane and are made of simple or stratified cells.
Epithileal tissue normally lacks a supply of oxygen and nutrients - they diffuse from underlying tissues.
They grow and divide quickly.
Epithileal cells can be squamous (Air chambers of the lung) , cuboidal (tubes in kidney) or columnar (intestine lining), depending on fucntion of specific epithileal tissues.

Question 20

Connective Tissue Form

Answer 20

Formed of a matrix: liquid solid or gel.
Also made up of fibres such as collagen and elastin.
Also made up of cells: adipocytes (fat cells- like adipose tissue), fibroblasts (secrete collagen protein), macrophages (type of white blood cell), MAST cells (secrete histamines and heparin)

Three different types: Loose (e.g. adipose), dense (e.g. tendons) and specialized (e.g. bones)

Question 21

Epithelial Tissue Function

Answer 21

Protection
Secretion
Absorption

Question 22

Connective Tissue Function

Answer 22

Connect, support and bind to other tissues in the body.

Question 23

Nervous Tissue Function

Answer 23

React to stimuli and conduct impulses around the body.

Support cells by physically supporting them, electrical insulation and metabolic exchange.

Question 24

Muscular Tissue Function

Answer 24

Can contract and conduct electrical impulses.

Question 25

Eukaryotic Cells

Answer 25

Have organelles (including the nucleus). All human cells are eukaryotic cells.

Question 26

Organelles

Answer 26

Means little organ, specialized part of the cell which have unique functions.

Question 27

Nucleolus

Answer 27

A small part of the nucleus where ribosomes are made.

Question 28

Ribosomes

Answer 28

Complex structures of RNA which are the sites for protein synthesis (making proteins). Reads the mRNA and translates the mRNA sequence into a sequence of amino acids.

Question 29

Cytoplasm

Answer 29

The fluid that fills the cell, that organelles are suspended in. It also contains proteins, ions and other macromollecular structures.

Question 30

Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

Answer 30

Ribosomes attach to the rough ER.
Smooth ER does not have Ribosomes attach to it.
Works with ribosomes to synthesize protiens and fold them.

Question 31

Golgi apparatus

Answer 31

Recieves proteins from the rough ER.

Customizes proteins in a form the cell can use.

Question 32

Lysosome

Answer 32

Rubbish men that take damaged parts of the cell

Has enzymes which break down these cellular parts.

Question 33

Cytoskeleton

Answer 33

Thread like micro-filaments and micro-tubules, which provide structure for the cell

Question 34

Cillia

Answer 34

Specialized organelles which move in waves,

Question 35

Flagella

Answer 35

Cell tail! Only found in sperm in humans

Question 36

Cilium

Answer 36

Gathers information about the environment outside the cell.

Question 37

Homeostasis

Answer 37

Homeostasis is the maintenance of a constant internal environment.
This is achieved through the nervous and endocrine systems.