Intro to APP Flashcards
Define Anatomy
Anatomy is the study of internal and external body structures and their physical relationships with other body parts
Define Physiology
Physiology is the study of how living organisms perform vital functions.
Describe form and function
The structure of the body parts relate to it’s function
Define a Cell
A cell is the smallest component that can perform the characteristics of life; a basic unit of life
Define a tissue
A collection of similar cells which are grouped together to form a specialized function.
There are four major types: epithileal, nervous, muscular and connective.
Define an organ
A structural grouping of tissues that perform a specific function or functions
Cell membrane
The semipermeable membrane that encloses the cytoplasm of a cell.
Flexible, thin (12nm) and strong.
Nucleus
The part of the cell which contains genetic material (DNA) in the form of chromosones.
Mitochondria
‘The powerhouse of the cell’ -produces APT for energy through cellular respiration.
Define an organ system
A group of organs that work together to carry out a particular task.
Explain the structure of the cell membrane.
Made of a phospholipid bilayer. Bi meaning two. The phospholipid’s have a hydrophillic head and hydrophobic tail. The hydrophillic heads form the barrier of the cell membrane protecting the hydrophobic tails from interstital and cytosolic fluid.
Semi-permeable membrane
Does not allow all molecules through it’s channels.
Diffusion
Molecules move from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration. This will stop when they two areas reach equillibrium. This process is passive.
Active Transport
Molecules move from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration, this uses energy in the cell. This process is often helped by a protein pump in the cell membrane.
Phagocytosis
The process by which a cell engulfs a particle and digests it. (White blood cells/ neutrophils)
Pinocytosis
Cell absorbs small particles outside the cell and brings them inside. The word pinocytosis comes from the Greek for “cell drinking”. It is different from Phagocytosis because of the amount of the particles being taken in.
Osmosis
Osmosis is when a substance crosses a semipermeable membrane in order to balance the concentrations of another substance.
Endocytosis
The process of actively transporting molecules into the cell by engulfing it with its membrane.
Epithileal Tissue Form
Held together by tight junctions.
Cells sit on a basement membrane and are made of simple or stratified cells.
Epithileal tissue normally lacks a supply of oxygen and nutrients - they diffuse from underlying tissues.
They grow and divide quickly.
Epithileal cells can be squamous (Air chambers of the lung) , cuboidal (tubes in kidney) or columnar (intestine lining), depending on fucntion of specific epithileal tissues.
Connective Tissue Form
Formed of a matrix: liquid solid or gel.
Also made up of fibres such as collagen and elastin.
Also made up of cells: adipocytes (fat cells- like adipose tissue), fibroblasts (secrete collagen protein), macrophages (type of white blood cell), MAST cells (secrete histamines and heparin)
Three different types: Loose (e.g. adipose), dense (e.g. tendons) and specialized (e.g. bones)
Epithelial Tissue Function
Protection
Secretion
Absorption
Connective Tissue Function
Connect, support and bind to other tissues in the body.
Nervous Tissue Function
React to stimuli and conduct impulses around the body.
Support cells by physically supporting them, electrical insulation and metabolic exchange.
Muscular Tissue Function
Can contract and conduct electrical impulses.
Eukaryotic Cells
Have organelles (including the nucleus). All human cells are eukaryotic cells.
Organelles
Means little organ, specialized part of the cell which have unique functions.
Nucleolus
A small part of the nucleus where ribosomes are made.
Ribosomes
Complex structures of RNA which are the sites for protein synthesis (making proteins). Reads the mRNA and translates the mRNA sequence into a sequence of amino acids.
Cytoplasm
The fluid that fills the cell, that organelles are suspended in. It also contains proteins, ions and other macromollecular structures.
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
Ribosomes attach to the rough ER.
Smooth ER does not have Ribosomes attach to it.
Works with ribosomes to synthesize protiens and fold them.
Golgi apparatus
Recieves proteins from the rough ER.
Customizes proteins in a form the cell can use.
Lysosome
Rubbish men that take damaged parts of the cell
Has enzymes which break down these cellular parts.
Cytoskeleton
Thread like micro-filaments and micro-tubules, which provide structure for the cell
Cillia
Specialized organelles which move in waves,
Flagella
Cell tail! Only found in sperm in humans
Cilium
Gathers information about the environment outside the cell.
Homeostasis
Homeostasis is the maintenance of a constant internal environment.
This is achieved through the nervous and endocrine systems.
