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LCRS 1 - Pharmacology > Intro to ANS > Flashcards

Intro to ANS Flashcards

1
Q

Which limb of the ANS has more of an effect on the liver?

A

Sympathetic

Causes hepatic gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis

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2
Q

Which adrenergic receptors are responsible for the sympathetic control of vasculature?

A

Alpha 1 – constriction

Beta 2 – dilation

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3
Q

What effect does parasympathetic dominance at rest have on the: lungs, gut, bladder and eyes?

A

Lungs – partial bronchoconstriction
Gut – increased gut motility
Bladder – increased urinary frequency
Eyes – short-sightedness

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4
Q

What are the two uptake and breakdown mechanisms of noradrenaline?

A

Uptake 1 – neuronal tissue – mainly Monoamine Oxidase breakdown (MAO)
Uptake 2 – extraneuronal tissue – mainly Catechol-O-Methyl Transferase (COMT)

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5
Q

Why would giving a ganglion blocker at rest cause constipation?

A

At rest the parasympathetic nervous system is dominant, which increases gastric motility. This means that a ganglion blocker will knock out this effect and cause constipation.

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6
Q

How is noradrenaline synthesised?

A

Tyrosine -> DOPA (enzyme: tyrosine hydroxylase)
DOPA -> dopamine (enzyme: DOPA decarboxylase)
Dopamine -> Noradrenaline (enzyme: dopamine beta-hydroxylase)
This last step takes place in a vesicle

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7
Q

Describe the relationship between baroreceptor firing and parasympathetic discharge

A

Baroreceptors are stimulatory to the parasympathetic nerves i.e. an increase in baroreceptor firing stimulates an increase in parasympathetic firing

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8
Q

Describe the differences between sympathetic responses and parasympathetic responses

A

Sympathetic – coordinated and divergent

Parasympathetic – discrete and localised

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9
Q

How is acetylcholine synthesised?

A

From acetyl CoA and choline

Enzyme: choline acetyltransferase

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10
Q

How is acetylcholine broken down?

A

By acetyl cholinesterase in the synapse

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11
Q

Where are the three types of muscarinic receptor found?

A

M1 - neural tissue
M2 - heart
M3 - exocrine and smooth muscle

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12
Q

What type of receptor are nicotinic receptors?

A

Type 1 – ionotropic receptors

VERY fast

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13
Q

What type of receptor are muscarinic receptors?

A

Type 2 - G-protein coupled

Slower than type 1 ionotropic

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14
Q

What type of receptor are all adrenergic receptors?

A

G-protein coupled

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15
Q

Describe the difference in the transmission through nicotinic and muscarinic receptors

A

Nicotinic is much faster

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16
Q

Which limb of the autonomic nervous system dominates the lungs and the eyes at rest?

A

Parasympathetic
Lungs – causes partial bronchoconstriction so can constrict further and dilate
Eyes – smooth muscle needs to be partially constricted so can change in both directions - allows near vision

17
Q

What are the two main branches of the autonomic nervous system?

A

Sympathethic

Parasympathetic

18
Q

What is the enteric nervous system?

A

Nervous system of the GIT
Responds to various types of stimuli within GIT
ANS does project onto ENS though

19
Q

What are the principal target organs of the sympathetic NS?

A
  • GIT
  • Heart
  • Vasculature
  • Bladder
  • Uterus
  • Eye
  • Skin - sweat, lacrimal, salivary, pilomotor glands
  • Kidney
  • Liver
  • Adipose tissue
  • Pancreatic islets
20
Q

What are the principal target organs of the parasympathetic NS?

A
  • GIT
  • Heart
  • Bronchi
  • Eye
  • Male sex organs
  • Vasculature of erectile tissue + salivary glands
  • Uterus
  • Salivary and lacrimal glands
21
Q

How is the sympathetic NS organised?

A

Sympathetic trunk just outside spinal cord
Short pre-ganglionic fibres
Long post-ganglionic fibres

22
Q

How is the parasympathetic NS organised?

A

Long pre-ganglionic fibres
Short post-ganglionic fibres
Ganglion near effector organ

23
Q

How does the somatic nervous system differ from the ANS

A

In somatic NS, one motor neurone innervates a muscle and releases ACh - no ganglion

24
Q

What transmitter is released from pre-ganglionic fibres in the sympathetic NS?

A

ACh

25
Q

What transmitter is released from post-ganglionic fibres in the sympathetic NS?

A

NA
A/NA from adrenal medulla
ACh in sweat gland

26
Q

What transmitter is released from pre-ganglionic fibres in the parasympathetic NS?

A

ACh

27
Q

What transmitter is released from post-ganglionic fibres in the parasympathetic NS?

A

ACh

28
Q

Where else is acetylcholine used as a transmitter?

A

Somatic nervous system

Brain

29
Q

Where are adrenaline and noradrenaline also used?

A

As transmitters in brain

30
Q

What are the potential targets for pharmacological manipulation of cholinergic transmission?

A
  • Acetylcholinesterase
  • Choline acetyl transferase?
  • Muscarinic and nicotinic ACh receptors
31
Q

What are the potential targets for pharmacological manipulation of A/NA transmission?

A
  • Uptake 1 transport protein (CG dependent)
  • Tyrosine hydroxylase
  • DOPA decarboxylase
  • Monoamine oxidase
  • Catechol-O-methyl transferase
  • Adrenoceptors
  • AChRs
32
Q

What are the principal efferent paths of communication between the CNS and the periphery?

A

Parasympathetic NS
Sympathetic NS
Somatic NS

LCRS 1 - Pharmacology (33 decks)

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