Intro to Animal Diversity and invertebrates Flashcards
What categories can animal characteristics be organized under ?
-Cellular type and structure
-Energy and Metabolism
-Reproduction and development
-Body Structure
Are all animals Eukaryotes ?
-Yes all animals are Eukaryotes
What 4 things do ALL cells have in common ?
-DNA
-Ribosomes
-Cytoplasm
-Plasma Membrane
What Eukaryotic cells have cell walls ?
-Plant cells
-Protist Cells
-Fungi Cells
What Eukaryote has central Vacuole ?
-Plant Cells
What cell walls are made from Cellulose ?
-Plant Cells
-Protist Cells
What are fungi cell walls made from ?
-Chitin
What tissues are present in animals ?
-Connective tissue
-Epithelial tissue
-Muscle tissue
-Nervous tissue
What animal is different in regard to tissues ?
-Sea Sponges
What does Heterotrophic mean ?
-Get their carbon source from organic sources.
What does autotrophic mean ?
-Get their carbon source from inorganic sources.
Where do Herbivores get their organic source from ?
-Eating Plants
Where do Carnivores get their organic source from ?
-Eating other animals
Where do Omnivores get their organic source from ?
-Eating plants or animals
Where do Parasites get their organic source from ?
-Feeding off another animal “slowly”
How do most animals reproduce ?
-Sexually
What are males gametes ?
-Sperm
What are female gametes ?
-Eggs
What is the ploidy of gametes ?
Haploid
Do gametes have a single (half) set of chromosomes (DNA) ?
-Yes
What is the ploidy of a zygote ?
-Diploid
What happens when male and female haploids come together ?
-They make a diploid
Is a zygote unicellular or multicellular ?
Unicellular (first complete diploid cell)
Does the zygote divide by mitosis or meiosis ?
Mitosis (zygote makes identical copies of itself)
Why do embryo’s look similar when
the fully developed animals look so
different from each other?
Because of genetics
What is an animals body plan (morphology) ?
Every animal has their own unique form or body pattern
What are the different types of symmetry referring to animals body plan ?
Asymmetry (sponges), radial symmetry (star fish), and Bilateral symmetry (fly)
What are homeotic genes ?
a group of genes that control body formation in organisms
What are Specific clusters of homeotic genes called ?
homeoboxes (or Hox genes for short)
What is the importance of hox genes ?
-Expression of these genes
determines what and when
specific structures get formed
-(timing is important!)
What are the consequences of changing the order of Hox gene expression ?
-If manipulated genetically, deformities or growths of physical parts will be in the incorrect location
All animals have Hox genes.
True
What happens as animals become more complex ?
They have more Hox gene clusters
What is geological time ?
The “calendar” of events of Earth’s history
What are Eons like ?
“months” only been 3
What are Era’s like ?
“weeks” only been 5 weeks
What are periods like?
“days”
Why is it called the cambrian explosion ?
- Fossils representing all major phyla living
today have been observed from the
Cambrian period - This leads scientists to argue that there
was rapid diversification of animals during
the Cambrian Period
What is the possible cause of cambrian explosion in regard to O2 ?
- Continued increase of oxygen in
the atmosphere may have led to
rapid diversification
Post Cambrian period when oxygen fell rapidly to below 20%. What do scientists believe happened?
- A mass extinction
What is external fertilization ?
Fertilization of Eggs outside of the organism
What is internal fertilization ?
Fertilization of Eggs inside of the organism
What is an invertebrate ?
Does not have a backbone.
What is a skeleton ?
An internal or external structural support made of bone, cartilage, protein, or other rigid material
How many Phylums have vertebrates ?
Only 1 Chordata in the subphylum vertebrata
Most animals on earth are invertebrates
True (
What does sessile mean ?
Fixed in one place.
What phylum of invertebrates is often called sea sponges ?
Porifera
What do porifera use to trap/collect things ?
What are pinacocyte in porifera ?
Forms the outer covering of the sponge
What are Choanocyte in porifera ?
They generate water current and filters food particles from water.
What are germ layers ?
layers of cells that form during embryonic development after gastrulation.
Does porifera (sponges) have germ layers ?
No they have a single layer or cells.
What in the Lophotrochozoa Clade is important to our phylums ?
-Platyhelminthes (Flat worms,Flukes,Tapeworms)
-Annelida
What are 2 important things that the phylums Platyhelminthes and Annelida share ?
- Have a special mouth structure (lophophore)
- Larva have unique form (trocophore)
Where do Platyhelminthes live ?
- All live in aquatic environments (salt & freshwater)
- Oceans
- Lakes
- Rivers
- Any body of water
What does Platyhelminthes have in terms of tissues and organs ?
- Muscle tissues
- Excretory system
- Complete digestive system
- Reproductive organs
What does Platyhelminthes NOT have in terms of tissues and organs ?
- They do not have a circulatory or respiratory system
What types of Platyhelminthes are parasitic ?
-Flukes and Tapeworms
What are characteristics of parasitic Platyhelminthes ?
- Hooks and Suckers
-Dorsoventrally Flattened bodies - Both aerobic and anaerobic respiration
-Outer protective covering called Tegument
What are specifics of Class Turbelleria (Flatworms) ?
- Aerobic respiration
- Eat small protists, bacteria, algae,
small animals
What are specifics of Class Trematoda (Flukes) and
Class Cestoda (Tapeworms) ?
- Aerobic and Anaerobic respiration
- Flukes: Eat blood, mucus, body cells
- Tapeworms: Eat food in hosts stomach
What are Annelida referred to pertaining to their body plan ?
Segmented worms
What does Annelida have that Platyhelminthes do not have ?
A Coelom (cavity)
Annelida are triploblasts.
True
What are kinds of Annelida ?
- Marine worms
- Earth worms
- Leeches
What organs do Annelida have ?
- Complete digestive tract
- Excretory system
- Circulatory system
- Reproductive system
How is Annelida respiratory described ?
- Simple respiratory system (not considered
a true organ system) - Rely on diffusion through the entire
body to breathe
How do Annelida get their metabolism/energy ?
- Aerobic and anaerobic metabolisms
- Detritivores and decomposers (earthworms)
- Eat dead organic matter
- Predators and scavengers (marine)
- Parasites
-Leeches eat blood of host
-Secret herudin to keep blood from clotting
Which phylums are in the Ecdysozoa Clade ?
- Nematoda
- Arthropoda
What is the main shared trait in the Ecdysozoa Clade?
- Exoskeletal Molting (outgrow exoskeleton shell)
What is the body plan on Nematoda
- Long worm-like bodies (round worms)
- Not segmented
- Hydrostatic skeleton (Not unique to them)
- Can be microscopic to over 20 feet!
- Bilateral symmetry
Although the phylum of Nematoda are all worms how are they diverse ?
Diversity in:
* Mouth parts
* Size (microscopic to 7 meters)
* Environment (soil, water, plants, animals)
* Ecological relationships
-Parasites
-Predators
-Mutualism
What are Nematoda (round worms) germ layers like ?
-Triploblasts but without a true coelom (pseudocoelom)
* The coelom is not supported by the mesoderm
What are the Nematoda organ systems ?
-Reproductive system
-Excretory system
-Circulatory system
What is the name of the exoskeleton that the Nematoda molt ?
- A cuticle, on top of the ectoderm
How do the Nematoda get their Energy and Metabolism ?
- Aerobic or Anaerobic
-Parasites (steal nutrients away from host)- Humans
- Plants
- Animals
-Predators (kill and eat) - Bacteria
- Smaller nematodes
-Can also form mutualistic relationships with
hosts
When do Nematoda molt?
During larval devlopment
What does Arthropoda mean ?
Jointed feet
What are the main traits from Arthropods body plan ?
- Structural and functional segmentation
- Jointed appendages
- Jointed appendages
- Exoskeleton made out of chitin
What is the Structural and functional segmentation of arthropods ?
-Tagmata (head,thorax,abdomen)
-Individually they are Tagma
-Functionality mean (head= brain,Thorax = protect and house organs, Abdomen = digestive/excretory/reproductive organs
What covers the exoskeleton of Arthropods ?
Waxy Cuticle
What and Why is Arthropods coelom different ?
Their Coelom is called Hemocoel
What are arthropods organ systems ?
- Nervous system (brain,
neurons, sensory organs) - Complete digestive system
- Excretory system
- Muscular system
- Respiratory system
- Open Circulatory system
What is a closed circulatory system
- Blood goes to where it is required and then returns to heart
What is an open circulatory system ?
- In arthropods Hemolymph is their “blood” but does not have oxygen in it
- Large cavity filled with fluid
What is Hemolymph ?
– Fluid that carries nutrients and metabolites to cells
* Does not carry oxygen (no hemoglobin present)
What are arthropods respiration system ?
Aerobic respiration
How do Arthropods reproduce ?
- Sexual reproduction
- Most do internal fertilization
- Some aquatic arthropods do external
fertilization
-Metamorphosis in some insects
How do Arthropods exoskeleton molt ?
- Exoskeleton is a hard outer shell that cannot grow with the organism underneath
- Molting is the process of shedding the old exoskeleton as the larva grows into an adult
What is metamorphosis ?
A change in the body plan, or form, of an animal during development
Jelly fish (Cniderians) can also undergo metamorphosis
What is it called ?
Strobilation
What kind of special symmetry do Echinodermata have even if they are in Bilateria ?
Radial symmetry
What are Echinodermata (Star Fish) Cell Type and Structure ?
- Endoskeleton (Bony internal spines called OSSICLES)
- Open circulatory system that uses water (not
blood or hemolymph) to circulate nutrients
called the Ambulacral system
-Do not have a heart - Simple Nervous system (No true brain)
- Closed digestive system
- No excretory system (Use simple diffusion or ambulacral system to excrete wastes)
How do Echinodermata respire ?
Mostly aerobic respiration by diffusion
How do Echinodermata reproduce ?
Sexual Reproduction (External Fertilization)
How do Echinodermata do asexual reproduction ?
They have the ability to regenerate limbs
Protostomes are ……
the first one is the mouth
Deuterostomes are ……..
the second hole is the mouth
Anus develops first
What does Echinodermata mean ?
Spiny/Prickly skin
