Intro to Anatomy and Physiology Flashcards
Define Anatomy and Physiology
Anatomy - structure of the body
Physiology - function
Name and describe the 6 levels of structural organization from smallest to largest
Chemical - atoms combine to make molecules
Cellular - cells are made from molecules
Tissue - tissues of similar cells
Organ - made from different tissues
Organ System - different organs that work together
Organism - many organ systems
Name and describe the 8 characteristics of life
Movement - internal/gross
Responsiveness - reaction to internal/gross movement
Growth - increase in cells number or body size
Reproduction - new organisms
Respiration - taking in oxygen and releasing carbon dioxide
Digestion - breakdown of food
Circulation - movement of body fluids
Excretion - removal of wastes
Define the term metabolism
sum of all chemical reactions in a living system
Name the 5 requirements of organisms
nutrients, oxygen, water, stable temperature, appropriate atmospheric pressure
Define homeostasis and describe the 3 major components
maintenance of a stable environment
receptor, control center and effector
Briefly explain negative feedback and positive feedback mechanisms in the body
Negative - returns the body towards set point
Positive - increases original stimulus to push the variable farther away from the set point
Define the terms axial and appendicular
Axial - head, neck, trunk
Appendicular - upper and lower limbs
Name the major body cavities and name some of the major organs found within the cavities
Cranial - brain
Vertebral canal - spinal cord
Thoracic - heart, lungs, trachea, esophagus
Abdominopelvic - digestive system, urinary
Name the thoracic and abdominopelvic membranes and define the terms visceral and parietal in regards to those membranes
Pleura membranes and paricardial membranes
parietal makes up an outer sac and visceral covers the heart
Integumentary system
skin, hair, nails, glands
-protection for the external and from diseases, regulates temperature
Skeletal system
cartilages, joint, bones
-protects, supports organs, muscle attachmentm stores minerals
Muscular system
skeletal muscles
-produces movement, maintains posture, produces heat
Nervous system
brain, spinal cord, nerves, sense organs
-responds to internal/external change, activates muscles and glands
Endocrine system
glands
-secretes regulatory hormones
Lymphatic system
carries certain fatty substances away from digestive system
Cardiovascular system
heart, blood vessels
-transports material in body via blood pumped by the heart
Respiratory system
lungs trachea, larynx, nose, pharnyx
-keeps oxygen in blood, removes carbon dioxide
Digestive system
mouth, esophagus, stomach, intestines
-breaks down food, nutrient absorption into blood
Urinary system
kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethra
-eliminates nitrogenous wastes, maintain acid-base balance
Reproductive system
ovary, uterus, vagina, penis, testes
-produce offspring
Superior
towards the top
Inferior
towards the bottom
Proximal
closer to the point of attachment
