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Anatomy > Intro To Anatomy > Flashcards

Intro To Anatomy Flashcards

0
Q

What are the anatomical sections?

A 
Longitudinal = parallel to long axis 
Transverse = perpendicular to long axis 
Oblique = slices that are not transverse or longitudinal
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1
Q

What are the anatomical planes?

A

Median =midsagittal
Sagittal = lateral view
Frontal = coronal
Transverse = axial

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2
Q

are there anatomical variations ?

A 
Yes: 
Random - difference in size, shape, muscle attachments, branching of nerves and arteries 
Racial 
Sexual 
Genetic
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3
Q

How does anatomy function as an integumentary system?

A
  1. Protection - guards internal organs from the environment
  2. Containment - organs and ECF, prevents dehydration
  3. Heat regulation - sweat vasodilation or vasoconstriction of bv
  4. Sensation - superficial nerves
  5. Synthesis/ Storage vitamin D
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4
Q

What are the three main layers of the skin?

A

The epidermis, dermis, subcutaneous

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5
Q

Epidermis traits

A

5 sub layers-
stratum lucidum - soles, palms, lips
Stratum basale - attached to dermis, regenerative and pigmented layer

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6
Q

Dermis

A

Dense collagen and elastic fibers
Provides tone and strength
Pattern of collagen determines tension lines (Langer lines) and wrinkles

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7
Q

Tension (langer) lines

A

Incisions and lacerations running parallel to these lines have less tendency to gap therefore less scarring
Found in epidermis

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8
Q

Dermis

A 
Superficial papillary region
Deeper reticular region
Hair follicles - associated witH smooth arrector muscles and sebaceous glands
Sweat glands
Nerve receptors
Blood vessels
Lymphatics
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9
Q

Subcutaneous layer

A

Btw dermis and deep fascia

Contains: loose CT, stored fat, sweat glands, superficial BVs, lymphatic vessels, and cutaneous nerves

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10
Q

Clinical correlations for skin

A

Incisions/scarring- excessive scarring can lead to keloid formation
Stretch marks- striae

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11
Q

Burns

A

American burn association classification: rule of 9s
Major burns - 3 degrees over 10% body
2 deg over 25%
any 3 deg on face, hands feet or perineum
Burn area that has over 75% body SA more than likely death

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12
Q

Skin abnormalities

A

Albinism , cyanosis, pallor, jaundice, bronzing , hematoma, erythema

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13
Q

Fascias

A

Deep fascia - inter muscular septae, compartments, retinaculum
Sub serous fascia
Bursae
Deep fascia - contracting muscles and venous valves create musculovenous pump = musculoskeletal pump to return blood to the heart

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14
Q

Musculovenous pump

A

Muscular contractions in limbs function with venous valves to move blood toward the heart and prevents back flow
There is an importance of intermittent compressive stocking in hospitalized bed ridden patients - prevents DVT

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15
Q

Deep fascia

A

Dense, organized CT, no fat, parallel, under skin
Inter muscular fascia- compartments separated by thick sheets deep fascia, share same nerve supply, limits outward expansion of bellies of skeletal muscles
Retinaculum - deep fascia holding tendons in place

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16
Q

Sub serous fascia

A 
Varying amount of fatty tissue btw internal MS walls and serous membrane linings of body cavities
Extra peritoneal :
Endothoracic 
Endoabdominal
Endopelvic
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17
Q

Bursae

A 
Closed sacs/ envelopes of serous membranes
Usually in areas of friction 
Secreted fluid/ lubricates 
Types:
Subcutaneous
Sub fascial
Subtendinous 
Synovial tendon sheaths
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18
Q

Collapsed bursae

A

Surround organs- heart, lungs, abdominal viscera
Visceral layer- contact with organ
Parietal later - contact with outer body wall

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19
Q

Skeletal system

A

Axial - head, neck, trunk (80 bones)

Appendicular- limbs, pectoral girdle, pelvic girdle (126 bones)

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20
Q

Skeleton

A

Cartilage - semi rigid connective tissue, allows for flexibility, no blood supply, 02 by diffusion
Bones- living tissue, hard connective tissue, support, protection, movement, storage salts (Ca), hematopoeisis

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21
Q

Periosteum

A

Surround bone

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22
Q

Perichondium

A

Surrounds cartilage

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23
Q

Tubercle

A

Elevations where large muscles attach

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24
Q

Compact and spongy bone

A

Proportions vary according to function

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25
Q

Tendons vs. ligaments

A

Muscle to bone, bone to bone

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26
Q

Medullary

A

Marrow cavity

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27
Q

Classification of bones

A 
Long bones - humorous
Short bones- ankle and wrist
Flat bones- cranium 
Irregular bones- face
Sesamoid bones- patella
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28
Q

Bone

A

Actively changing tissue
Cortical- compact bone support
Epiphyses- ends of long bones, contains cartilage =growth plate= epiphyseal plate
Diaphysis- shaft of long bone covered with periosteum
Metaphysis- flared part of diaphysis nearest epiphysis

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29
Q

Osteoblasts vs. osteoclasts

A

Lay down near bone, stimulated by trauma, infection and tumors
Osteoclasts- remove bone

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30
Q

Capitulum

A

Humerous - small, round articular head

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31
Q

Condyle

A

Femur- round, knuckle like

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32
Q

Crest

A

Iliac- ridge of bone

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33
Q

Epicondyle

A

Femur- eminence superior to Condyle

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34
Q

Facet

A

Vertebrae - smooth, flat

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35
Q

Foramen

A

Obturator - passage thru bone

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36
Q

Fossa

A

Iliac- hollow, depressed area

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37
Q

Groove

A

Radial groove humerous- elongated depression or furrow

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38
Q

Head

A

Humerous- large, round articular end

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39
Q

Malleolus

A

Tibia- rounded process

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40
Q

Notch

A

Sciatic- indentation at edge of bone

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41
Q

Protuberance

A

Occiput- projection of bone

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42
Q

Spine

A

Scapular- thorn-like process

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43
Q

Spinous process

A

Vertebra- projecting spine like process

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44
Q

Trochanter

A

Femur - large blunt elevation

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45
Q

Trochlea

A

Humerous - spool = like articular process

46
Q

Tubercle

A

Humerous - small raised eminence

47
Q

Tuberosity

A

Ischial - large rounded elevation

48
Q

Bone development

A

Ossification- primary and secondary
Primary forms diaphysis
Secondary forms Metaphyses

49
Q

Ossification derived from mesenchymal tissue by :

A

Intramembanous - direct from mesenchyme

Endochondrial- from cartilage derived from mesenchyme

50
Q

Bone development process

A

Mesenchyme cells differentiate into -> chondroblasts which form cartilage -> calcification via primary and secondary ossification

51
Q

Bone development timeline

A

Primary ossification center- replaces most of cartilage in bone model
Secondary ossification center- appear after birth
Epiphyseal plates- cartilagenous, eventually replaced by bone
Epiphyseal line - occurs from puberty to maturity

52
Q

Assessing bone age

A

Riser score - graded 1 to 5

Helps to determine future growth and progression of scoliosis curvatures

53
Q

Risser sign

A

The amount of calcification present in the iliac apophysis and measures the progressive ossification

54
Q

A vascular necrosis

A

Loss of arterial supply resulting in death of bone tissue

Seen in hip and wrist most commonly

55
Q

Disorders of skeletal system

A 
Osteoporosis/osteopenia
Dwarfism 
Rickets 
Bone cancer
Osteoarthritis 
Gout
Kyphosis/ scoliosis
56
Q

What is a callous?

A

Fibroblasts proliferate at a fracture site and secretes this collagen

57
Q

Osteoporosis

A

Diminished organic and inorganic compounds of bone
Osteoclasts> osteoblasts
Osteopenia- loss
Osteoporosis- severe loss

58
Q

Joint classification

A

Synovial (knee) - joint capsule and articular cavity, freely moveable
Fibrous- skull suture
Cartilaginous - IV disc
Joint- union between 2 or more rigid parts of the skeleton

59
Q

What is syndesmosis ?

A

Slightly moveable articulation that have bone surfaces united by a ligament ( fibrous- tibiofibular )

60
Q

Where can you find a ball and socket joint?

A

At the hip, part of a synovial joint

61
Q

Hinge joint

A

Allows flex ion and extension , found at the elbow ( synovial joint)

62
Q

Hilton’s law

A

Nerves supplying a joint also supply muscle moving the joint or skin covering their distal attachments

63
Q

Osteoarthritis and arthroscopy

A

Degenerative joint disease

Surgical procedure looking into the joint and perform surgical procedures thru an arthroscope

64
Q

Types of muscle

A

Skeletal striated - voluntary somatic muscle movement
Cardiac striated- involuntary visceral muscle
Smooth unstriated- involuntary

65
Q

Contraction of muscles

A

Attachments : insertions- distal/moveable

Types : reflexive, tonic,biphasic

66
Q

Pes anserinus

A

Made up of the tendons of the sartorius, gracilis, and semitendinosus muscles ( primarily flexers of the knee)

67
Q

What is a motor unit?

A

A single motor neuron and fibers that it innervates

68
Q

How does the cardiac striated muscle work?

A

Involuntary, autonomic control
Different from skeletal muscle- contracts spontaneously, it bifurcates, has intercalated discs (specialized end to end junctions, allows for uniform contraction chambers of the heart)

69
Q

Smooth muscle function

A

No striations, involuntary
Has tunica media blood vessel (present in all vascular tissue except capillaries)
digestive and GI tract, skin, eye

70
Q

Where is endothelium found?

A

The inner lining of blood vessels (tunica intima)

71
Q

How do arterioles function ?

A

Provides tone which determines blood pressure, regulating it by vasoconstriction or vasodilation

72
Q

What is anastomosis?

A

Allows for detour for blood flow in case of injury, surgery or disease
Provides communication btw multiple arterial branches
Allows for collateral circulation ensuring blood supply to vital organs

73
Q

Atherosclerosis

A

Build up of fat and calcium deposits forming plaque- atheroma
And thrombosis- (intravascular clotting)
Can lead to ischemia- restriction of blood supply to tissues
Can lead to infarction- tissue death caused by local lack of oxygen

74
Q

Pulmonary veins

A

Carry oxygenated blood to the heart

75
Q

Veins vs arteries

A

Larger diameter than arteries, carries 80% of blood vs. 20% carried by arteries

76
Q

Capillaries

A

Connect arterioles and venules

Allow for exchange of nutrients

77
Q

Hydrostatic vs osmotic pressure

A

H- forces blood from arterioles into capillary beds then to ECF
O- reabsorbed material at venous end

78
Q

aV shunts

A

Direct connections btw small arterioles and venules that bypass capillary beds
Numerous in skin to conserve heat

79
Q

Portal venous system

A

Venous blood passes thru 2 capillary beds composed of veins or venules before returning to the heart

80
Q

Hepatic portal system

A

Part of the portal venous system

Nutrient rich blood passes from capillary beds of alimentary tracts to capillary beds of liver

81
Q

Lymphatic system

A

Removes cellular debris & proteins from Ec spaces that doesn’t get reabsorbed by the capillaries

82
Q

Components of lymphatic system

A

Almost all capillaries are found except teeth, bone, bone marrow, and CN

83
Q

Lymph nodes

A

Small masses of lymph tissue

Filtration before entering venous system

84
Q

Lymphocytes

A

Immune cells that fight foreign invaders

85
Q

Lymphoid tissue

A

Sites that produce lymphocytes
Found in intestinal wall
Spleen, thymus, tonsils, lymph nodes and myeloid tissue in bone marrow

86
Q

PNS

A

Consists of nerve fibers and ganglia

Peripheral nerves : cranial or spinal

87
Q

Nervous tissue breakdown

A 
Two types: neurons - nerve cells
Neuroglia- glial cells (support nerves) 
Neurons- structural and functional unit of NS
        Cell body, dendrites, axon
Synapse- point of contact btw neurons
88
Q

Myelinated sheath of PNS are made by what cells?

A

Schwann cells

89
Q

Nervous tissue functions

A

Support, insulation nourishment

90
Q

Types of Neuroglia (Glial cells) in CNS

A

Oligodendroglia, Astrocytes, Ependymal cells and microglia

91
Q

Types of neuroglia in PNS

A

Satellite cells and neurolemma (Scheann cells)

92
Q

Astrocyte function

A

Helps form BBB, provides structal support

93
Q

Microglia function

A

Defends pathogens, phagocytize wastes

94
Q

Oligodendrocyte function

A

myelinates and insulates CNS axons

95
Q

Ependymal cell function

A

Production and circulation of CSF

96
Q

Satellite cell function

A

Protects and regulates nutrients

97
Q

Neurolemmocyte

A

Myelinates and insulates PNS axons

98
Q

The nucleus in the CNS is similar to what in PNS?

A

ganglion in PNS

99
Q

Tract is similar to what in PNS?

A

Nerve in PNS

100
Q

What are the 3 membranes of the CNS?

A

Pia mater, arachnoid mater, dura mater

101
Q

What are the 3 coverings of the PNS?

A

Endoneurium, Perineurium, Epineurium

102
Q

What are somatic nerves?

A

General sensory fibers (pain, temp., touch)

103
Q

What are visceral nerves?

A

Two types: Visceral afferent fibers (sensory) and visceral efferent fibers (motor)- both part of autonomic nervous system

104
Q

Somatic Nervous system

A

The voluntary part of the PNS- can have a reflex arc which in involuntary but involves muscles

105
Q

Autonomic Nervous System

A

Controls functions of body NOT under conscious control which has 2 divisions: Sympathetic and Parasympathetic

106
Q

Sympathetic nervous system

A

Thoracolumbar division of ANS

Involuntary, Catabolic “Fight or flight”, regulates blood vessels

107
Q

Path of Sympathetic motor fibers

A
  1. Ascend sympathetic trunk to higher paravertebral ganglion
  2. Synapse immediately with ganglion at same level
  3. Descend to lower paravertebral ganglion
  4. Pass thru sympathetic trunk without synapsing to abdominopelvic splanchnic nerve to reach prevertebral ganglia
108
Q

Parasympathetic Nervous system

A

Craniosacral division of ANS

Involuntary, homeostatic (anabolic and energy conserving)

109
Q

Summary of ANS

A
  1. unconscious control
  2. opposite but coordinated effects
  3. 2 neurons- pre and post synaptic neurons connect CNS with END organ
110
Q

Presynaptic cell bodies of sympathetic division

A

located in grey matter of thoracic spinal cord

Connect to post synaptic sympathetic neurons of para and pre vetebral ganglia in trunk

111
Q

Presynaptic cell bodies of parasympathetic division

A

located in grey matter of brain stem and sacral segments of spinal cord

112
Q

What are the functional divisions of the body?

A

Autonomic and Somatic Nervous System

113
Q

The Computered Tomography-CT scan is good for examining what type of tissue?

A

Bony tissues

Anatomy (3 decks)

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