Intro To Anatomy Flashcards
0
Q
What are the anatomical sections?
A
Longitudinal = parallel to long axis Transverse = perpendicular to long axis Oblique = slices that are not transverse or longitudinal
1
Q
What are the anatomical planes?
A
Median =midsagittal
Sagittal = lateral view
Frontal = coronal
Transverse = axial
2
Q
are there anatomical variations ?
A
Yes: Random - difference in size, shape, muscle attachments, branching of nerves and arteries Racial Sexual Genetic
3
Q
How does anatomy function as an integumentary system?
A
- Protection - guards internal organs from the environment
- Containment - organs and ECF, prevents dehydration
- Heat regulation - sweat vasodilation or vasoconstriction of bv
- Sensation - superficial nerves
- Synthesis/ Storage vitamin D
4
Q
What are the three main layers of the skin?
A
The epidermis, dermis, subcutaneous
5
Q
Epidermis traits
A
5 sub layers-
stratum lucidum - soles, palms, lips
Stratum basale - attached to dermis, regenerative and pigmented layer
6
Q
Dermis
A
Dense collagen and elastic fibers
Provides tone and strength
Pattern of collagen determines tension lines (Langer lines) and wrinkles
7
Q
Tension (langer) lines
A
Incisions and lacerations running parallel to these lines have less tendency to gap therefore less scarring
Found in epidermis
8
Q
Dermis
A
Superficial papillary region Deeper reticular region Hair follicles - associated witH smooth arrector muscles and sebaceous glands Sweat glands Nerve receptors Blood vessels Lymphatics
9
Q
Subcutaneous layer
A
Btw dermis and deep fascia
Contains: loose CT, stored fat, sweat glands, superficial BVs, lymphatic vessels, and cutaneous nerves
10
Q
Clinical correlations for skin
A
Incisions/scarring- excessive scarring can lead to keloid formation
Stretch marks- striae
11
Q
Burns
A
American burn association classification: rule of 9s
Major burns - 3 degrees over 10% body
2 deg over 25%
any 3 deg on face, hands feet or perineum
Burn area that has over 75% body SA more than likely death
12
Q
Skin abnormalities
A
Albinism , cyanosis, pallor, jaundice, bronzing , hematoma, erythema
13
Q
Fascias
A
Deep fascia - inter muscular septae, compartments, retinaculum
Sub serous fascia
Bursae
Deep fascia - contracting muscles and venous valves create musculovenous pump = musculoskeletal pump to return blood to the heart
14
Q
Musculovenous pump
A
Muscular contractions in limbs function with venous valves to move blood toward the heart and prevents back flow
There is an importance of intermittent compressive stocking in hospitalized bed ridden patients - prevents DVT
15
Q
Deep fascia
A
Dense, organized CT, no fat, parallel, under skin
Inter muscular fascia- compartments separated by thick sheets deep fascia, share same nerve supply, limits outward expansion of bellies of skeletal muscles
Retinaculum - deep fascia holding tendons in place
16
Q
Sub serous fascia
A
Varying amount of fatty tissue btw internal MS walls and serous membrane linings of body cavities Extra peritoneal : Endothoracic Endoabdominal Endopelvic
17
Q
Bursae
A
Closed sacs/ envelopes of serous membranes Usually in areas of friction Secreted fluid/ lubricates Types: Subcutaneous Sub fascial Subtendinous Synovial tendon sheaths
18
Q
Collapsed bursae
A
Surround organs- heart, lungs, abdominal viscera
Visceral layer- contact with organ
Parietal later - contact with outer body wall
19
Q
Skeletal system
A
Axial - head, neck, trunk (80 bones)
Appendicular- limbs, pectoral girdle, pelvic girdle (126 bones)
20
Q
Skeleton
A
Cartilage - semi rigid connective tissue, allows for flexibility, no blood supply, 02 by diffusion
Bones- living tissue, hard connective tissue, support, protection, movement, storage salts (Ca), hematopoeisis
21
Q
Periosteum
A
Surround bone
22
Q
Perichondium
A
Surrounds cartilage
23
Q
Tubercle
A
Elevations where large muscles attach
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Compact and spongy bone
Proportions vary according to function
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Tendons vs. ligaments
Muscle to bone, bone to bone
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Medullary
Marrow cavity
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Classification of bones
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Long bones - humorous
Short bones- ankle and wrist
Flat bones- cranium
Irregular bones- face
Sesamoid bones- patella
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Bone
Actively changing tissue
Cortical- compact bone support
Epiphyses- ends of long bones, contains cartilage =growth plate= epiphyseal plate
Diaphysis- shaft of long bone covered with periosteum
Metaphysis- flared part of diaphysis nearest epiphysis
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Osteoblasts vs. osteoclasts
Lay down near bone, stimulated by trauma, infection and tumors
Osteoclasts- remove bone
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Capitulum
Humerous - small, round articular head
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Condyle
Femur- round, knuckle like
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Crest
Iliac- ridge of bone
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Epicondyle
Femur- eminence superior to Condyle
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Facet
Vertebrae - smooth, flat
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Foramen
Obturator - passage thru bone
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Fossa
Iliac- hollow, depressed area
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Groove
Radial groove humerous- elongated depression or furrow
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Head
Humerous- large, round articular end
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Malleolus
Tibia- rounded process
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Notch
Sciatic- indentation at edge of bone
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Protuberance
Occiput- projection of bone
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Spine
Scapular- thorn-like process
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Spinous process
Vertebra- projecting spine like process
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Trochanter
Femur - large blunt elevation
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Trochlea
Humerous - spool = like articular process
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Tubercle
Humerous - small raised eminence
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Tuberosity
Ischial - large rounded elevation
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Bone development
Ossification- primary and secondary
Primary forms diaphysis
Secondary forms Metaphyses
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Ossification derived from mesenchymal tissue by :
Intramembanous - direct from mesenchyme
| Endochondrial- from cartilage derived from mesenchyme
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Bone development process
Mesenchyme cells differentiate into -> chondroblasts which form cartilage -> calcification via primary and secondary ossification
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Bone development timeline
Primary ossification center- replaces most of cartilage in bone model
Secondary ossification center- appear after birth
Epiphyseal plates- cartilagenous, eventually replaced by bone
Epiphyseal line - occurs from puberty to maturity
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Assessing bone age
Riser score - graded 1 to 5
| Helps to determine future growth and progression of scoliosis curvatures
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Risser sign
The amount of calcification present in the iliac apophysis and measures the progressive ossification
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A vascular necrosis
Loss of arterial supply resulting in death of bone tissue
| Seen in hip and wrist most commonly
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Disorders of skeletal system
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Osteoporosis/osteopenia
Dwarfism
Rickets
Bone cancer
Osteoarthritis
Gout
Kyphosis/ scoliosis
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What is a callous?
Fibroblasts proliferate at a fracture site and secretes this collagen
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Osteoporosis
Diminished organic and inorganic compounds of bone
Osteoclasts> osteoblasts
Osteopenia- loss
Osteoporosis- severe loss
58
Joint classification
Synovial (knee) - joint capsule and articular cavity, freely moveable
Fibrous- skull suture
Cartilaginous - IV disc
Joint- union between 2 or more rigid parts of the skeleton
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What is syndesmosis ?
Slightly moveable articulation that have bone surfaces united by a ligament ( fibrous- tibiofibular )
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Where can you find a ball and socket joint?
At the hip, part of a synovial joint
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Hinge joint
Allows flex ion and extension , found at the elbow ( synovial joint)
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Hilton's law
Nerves supplying a joint also supply muscle moving the joint or skin covering their distal attachments
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Osteoarthritis and arthroscopy
Degenerative joint disease
| Surgical procedure looking into the joint and perform surgical procedures thru an arthroscope
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Types of muscle
Skeletal striated - voluntary somatic muscle movement
Cardiac striated- involuntary visceral muscle
Smooth unstriated- involuntary
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Contraction of muscles
Attachments : insertions- distal/moveable
| Types : reflexive, tonic,biphasic
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Pes anserinus
Made up of the tendons of the sartorius, gracilis, and semitendinosus muscles ( primarily flexers of the knee)
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What is a motor unit?
A single motor neuron and fibers that it innervates
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How does the cardiac striated muscle work?
Involuntary, autonomic control
Different from skeletal muscle- contracts spontaneously, it bifurcates, has intercalated discs (specialized end to end junctions, allows for uniform contraction chambers of the heart)
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Smooth muscle function
No striations, involuntary
Has tunica media blood vessel (present in all vascular tissue except capillaries)
digestive and GI tract, skin, eye
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Where is endothelium found?
The inner lining of blood vessels (tunica intima)
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How do arterioles function ?
Provides tone which determines blood pressure, regulating it by vasoconstriction or vasodilation
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What is anastomosis?
Allows for detour for blood flow in case of injury, surgery or disease
Provides communication btw multiple arterial branches
Allows for collateral circulation ensuring blood supply to vital organs
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Atherosclerosis
Build up of fat and calcium deposits forming plaque- atheroma
And thrombosis- (intravascular clotting)
Can lead to ischemia- restriction of blood supply to tissues
Can lead to infarction- tissue death caused by local lack of oxygen
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Pulmonary veins
Carry oxygenated blood to the heart
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Veins vs arteries
Larger diameter than arteries, carries 80% of blood vs. 20% carried by arteries
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Capillaries
Connect arterioles and venules
| Allow for exchange of nutrients
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Hydrostatic vs osmotic pressure
H- forces blood from arterioles into capillary beds then to ECF
O- reabsorbed material at venous end
78
aV shunts
Direct connections btw small arterioles and venules that bypass capillary beds
Numerous in skin to conserve heat
79
Portal venous system
Venous blood passes thru 2 capillary beds composed of veins or venules before returning to the heart
80
Hepatic portal system
Part of the portal venous system
| Nutrient rich blood passes from capillary beds of alimentary tracts to capillary beds of liver
81
Lymphatic system
Removes cellular debris & proteins from Ec spaces that doesn't get reabsorbed by the capillaries
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Components of lymphatic system
Almost all capillaries are found except teeth, bone, bone marrow, and CN
83
Lymph nodes
Small masses of lymph tissue
| Filtration before entering venous system
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Lymphocytes
Immune cells that fight foreign invaders
85
Lymphoid tissue
Sites that produce lymphocytes
Found in intestinal wall
Spleen, thymus, tonsils, lymph nodes and myeloid tissue in bone marrow
86
PNS
Consists of nerve fibers and ganglia
| Peripheral nerves : cranial or spinal
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Nervous tissue breakdown
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Two types: neurons - nerve cells
Neuroglia- glial cells (support nerves)
Neurons- structural and functional unit of NS
Cell body, dendrites, axon
Synapse- point of contact btw neurons
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88
Myelinated sheath of PNS are made by what cells?
Schwann cells
89
Nervous tissue functions
Support, insulation nourishment
90
Types of Neuroglia (Glial cells) in CNS
Oligodendroglia, Astrocytes, Ependymal cells and microglia
91
Types of neuroglia in PNS
Satellite cells and neurolemma (Scheann cells)
92
Astrocyte function
Helps form BBB, provides structal support
93
Microglia function
Defends pathogens, phagocytize wastes
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Oligodendrocyte function
myelinates and insulates CNS axons
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Ependymal cell function
Production and circulation of CSF
96
Satellite cell function
Protects and regulates nutrients
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Neurolemmocyte
Myelinates and insulates PNS axons
98
The nucleus in the CNS is similar to what in PNS?
ganglion in PNS
99
Tract is similar to what in PNS?
Nerve in PNS
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What are the 3 membranes of the CNS?
Pia mater, arachnoid mater, dura mater
101
What are the 3 coverings of the PNS?
Endoneurium, Perineurium, Epineurium
102
What are somatic nerves?
General sensory fibers (pain, temp., touch)
103
What are visceral nerves?
Two types: Visceral afferent fibers (sensory) and visceral efferent fibers (motor)- both part of autonomic nervous system
104
Somatic Nervous system
The voluntary part of the PNS- can have a reflex arc which in involuntary but involves muscles
105
Autonomic Nervous System
Controls functions of body NOT under conscious control which has 2 divisions: Sympathetic and Parasympathetic
106
Sympathetic nervous system
Thoracolumbar division of ANS
| Involuntary, Catabolic "Fight or flight", regulates blood vessels
107
Path of Sympathetic motor fibers
1. Ascend sympathetic trunk to higher paravertebral ganglion
2. Synapse immediately with ganglion at same level
3. Descend to lower paravertebral ganglion
4. Pass thru sympathetic trunk without synapsing to abdominopelvic splanchnic nerve to reach prevertebral ganglia
108
Parasympathetic Nervous system
Craniosacral division of ANS
| Involuntary, homeostatic (anabolic and energy conserving)
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Summary of ANS
1. unconscious control
2. opposite but coordinated effects
3. 2 neurons- pre and post synaptic neurons connect CNS with END organ
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Presynaptic cell bodies of sympathetic division
located in grey matter of thoracic spinal cord
| Connect to post synaptic sympathetic neurons of para and pre vetebral ganglia in trunk
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Presynaptic cell bodies of parasympathetic division
located in grey matter of brain stem and sacral segments of spinal cord
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What are the functional divisions of the body?
Autonomic and Somatic Nervous System
113
The Computered Tomography-CT scan is good for examining what type of tissue?
Bony tissues
