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PA 510 > Intro to Anatomy > Flashcards

Intro to Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

What is a neuron’s resting membrane potential?

A

-65mv

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2
Q

what is the threshold potential of a neuron?

A

-55mv

  • Na+ channels open at start of axon hillock
  • chain reaction down the axon
  • inside charge becomes around +40mv
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3
Q

hyperpolarized: relative refractory period (charge?)

A
  • Na+ channels closed (not inactive), K+ channels still open
  • membrane is now -75 mv
  • once K+ channels close, membrane potential returns to -65
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4
Q

Saltatory conductin

A
  • “jumping” of action potential to speed it up
  • Na+ ions push each other through myelinated sections, impulse is only truly propagated through nodes of ranvier
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5
Q

Cranial Nerves Acronym

A

Oh Oh Oh To Try At Futbol
Victor Goes to Vagus And Hides

Only One Of The Two Athletes Felt Very Good, Victorious, And Healthy

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6
Q

CN Functions Acronym

A

Some Say Marry Money But My Brother Says Big Brains Matter Most

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7
Q

CN 1

A

Olfactory (S)

-smell
-test by having patient smell something strong with eyes closed (cinnamon)

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8
Q

CN II

A

Optic (S)

-vision

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9
Q

CN III

A

Oculomotor (M)

-movement of eye
-pupil constriction
-lens accommodation (follow finger)
-raises upper eyelid
-elevates and abduct (out), depress and adduct, and just adduct the eye

-drooping eyes? CN III might be the issue

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10
Q

CN IV

A

Trochlear (M)

-movement of eye
-abduct, depresses and internally rotates eye

-test CN III, IV, and VI by following a finger

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11
Q

CN V

A

Trigeminal (B)

-3 branches:
-V1: ophthalmic: sensory to upper eyelid, nose, forehead and scalp
-V2: maxillary: sensory to maxilla, nasal cavity, palate and skin of cheeks
-V3: Mandibular:
-Motor: chewing muscles
-sensory: lower lip, lower teeth, chin and temporal region of scalp, anterior 2/3 of tongue

-can you feel me touch your face and bite down?

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12
Q

CN VI

A

Abducens (M)

-motor of the eye
-abduction (!) of the eye

-if everything else is okay except abduction in test, pinpoint VI

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13
Q

CN VII

A

Facial (B)

-5 extracranial branches
-temporal
-zygomatic
-buccal
-mandibular
-cervical
-innervate muscles in charge of facial expression (smiling/frowning)
-bels palsy or stroke

(F-five, F-Facial)

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14
Q

CN VIII

A

Vestibulocochlear nerve (S)

-2 branches:
-vestibular: equilibrium receptors
-cochlear: hearing receptors

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15
Q

CN IX

A

Glossopharyngeal (B)

-motor: elevates pharynx during swallowing (parasympathetic motor fibers to salivary glands)

-Sensory: taste from posterior 1/3 of tongue
-touch and pain from pharynx (sore throat)

(more next chapter: also plays a role in chemoreceptors in the carotid bodies for respiration and baroreceptors of carotid sinus for BP monitoring)

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16
Q

CN X

A

Vagus (B)

-Only CN that extends past the neck
-somatic motor innervation to muscles of pharynx and larynx involved in swallowing
-parasympathetic fibers to the heart, lungs and abdominal organs to help regulate heart rate, breathing, and digestion

-swallowing, uvula movement (if uvula is stuck in the right position, think issue is with the left side)

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17
Q

CN XI

A

Accessory Nerve (M)

-Innervates trapezius and SCM muscles (sternocleidomastoid [large muscle in front of neck])

-shrug test

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18
Q

CN XII

A

Hypoglossal nerve (M)

-motor: muscles of the tongue
-sensory: proprioceptive info from the tongue (movement, action, location)

-actually superior to CV XI

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19
Q

Quadrants: RUQ

A

liver, gallbladder, head of pancreas, part of large intestine (transverse), duodenum, adrenal gland (ad to renal aka on top of kidney), kidney, ureter

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20
Q

LUQ

A

Stomach, large/transverse, spleen, kidney/adrenal/ureter, pancreas

-epigastric: pancreas, stomach

21
Q

RLQ & LLQ

A

Reproductive organs (uterus, ovaries), bladder, distal ureters, small intestine
-RLQ: appendix

22
Q

Anterior and posterior are also known as:

A

Ventral and dorsal, respectively (dorsal fin)

23
Q

ipsilateral/contralateral

A

same side/different sides

24
Q

Superior/inferior are also known as:

A

cranial/caudal

25
Q

abduction vs adduction

A

abduction: away from the body

adduction: towards the body

26
Q

palpation vs percussion

A

palpation: pressing on body surface

percussion: tapping

27
Q

Why are all cell bodies are found in the CNS (or near it)?

A

Better protected compared to arms and legs

28
Q

Why are there no nodes of ranvier in the CNS? (??????????????) was ruzga wrong

A

No Schwann cells (oligodendrocytes)

-White matter is found in the brain/spinal cord and appears white due to myelin (which is the result of oligodendrocytes)

29
Q

Polarization is what kind of potential?

A

Resting

30
Q

What stops a neurotransmitter from repeatedly firing?

A

Enzyme might break it down (cholinesterase) or reuptake and reuse

31
Q

What would you notice about a patient who has damaged myelin?

A

Slower moving

32
Q

Are most synapses excitatory or inhibitory?

A

Excitatory (causes action potential)

33
Q

What happens at an inhibitory synapse?

A

neurotransmitter causes the postsynaptic neuron to hyperpolarize
-neuron membrane becomes more positive outside as K+ ions leave or Cl- enter the cell (no impulse)

(essentially keep the neuron below threshold level)

34
Q

Why are inhibitory synapses important?

A

For slowing the heart rate

balancing the excitatory impulses transmitted to skeletal muscles

prevents excessive contraction

35
Q

types of neurotransmitters in PNS // CNS

A

PNS: Ach, NE, Epi

CNS: Dopamine, GABA, NE/Epi, Glutamate, Serotonin, Substance P

36
Q

Within the CNS, a bundle of pathway axons is called a BLANK (white matter)? In PNS?

A

CNS: Tract

PNS: Nerves (ex. spinal nerves/cranial nerves)

37
Q

Where do neurons exit in different spinal regions?

A

C1-C7 exit OVER corresponding vertebrae

C8 exits below C7 (no C8 vertebrae)

T1-S5 and coccyx exit below

37
Q

If you do not know where your limbs are in space and can’t use sensory receptors to send information, could be injury in which root?

A

Dorsal (afferent/sensory)

38
Q

what are the optimal spots for reflex testing?

A

Biceps
Brachioradialis
Triceps
patellar
Achilles

39
Q

Classification of reflexes

A
  1. development
    -innate reflex or acquired reflex
  2. response
    -somatic (deep or superficial) or autonomic (visceral)
  3. complexity
    -monosynaptic (somatic, stretch reflex) or polysynaptic (visceral)
  4. processing site
    -Spinal cord reflex
    -Cranial reflex
40
Q

Muscle tone and efferent nerves

A

If efferent nerve is damaged/severed, the muscle will be flaccid/hypotonic

If efferent nerve is continuously stimulated (no inhibition) the muscle will be hypertonic (spastic)

41
Q

Polysynaptic reflex example:

A

Withdrawal reflex (painful stimulus to foot, plantar surface)

-multiple interneurons (stimulatory and inhibitory)
-stimulates the hamstring to contract, inhibits the quadriceps from contracting

42
Q

Why is prescribing medication to a poor metabolizer dangerous?

A

Meds can buildup in the body

43
Q

What general factors might induce or inhibit metabolic enzyme systems, particularly CYP 450

A

Meds, food, and diet supplements

44
Q

Phase I of drug metabolism (CYP 450)

A

CYP 450 enzymes carry out oxidation, hydrolysis, or reduction to convert non-polar, lipid-soluble meds into more polar, water-soluble metabolites (preparing for excretion)

45
Q

Phase II

A

Conjugation reactions (joined with another compound, like methyl group, acetyl group, etc.)

creating highly polar, water-soluble metabolites that are trapped in urine and excreted

46
Q

T or False: Phase I and Phase II can occur together, in either order, or separate (not necessarily both need to occur)

A

T

47
Q

CYP 450 inhibition example: Warfarin

A

CYP 450 inhibitors (ex. grapefruit juice) can block the metabolism of Warfarin and cause buildup in the blood

Since warfarin is an anti-coagulant, this can cause severe bleeding

48
Q

Clarification about myocyte action potential

A

When the charge inside the cell reaches about +20, and Phase 1 aka initial depolarization occurs, K+ ions leave the cell while calcium ions rush in. Calcium ions are responsible for initiating and maintaining contraction of the heart, so the K+ ions can be thought of as a counterweight to the Ca2+ ions to maintain a heart beat

PA 510 (7 decks)

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