Intro to anatomy Flashcards
Learning outcomes -Briefly explain how anatomical knowledge and dissections evolved -Appreciate that a good knowledge of anatomy is essential for safe and efficient clinical practice -Describe the different approaches to studying anatomy -Describe the professional attitudes that are required in the DR
What is the hierarchy of structural organisation?
Atoms ( physics and chemistry ), Molecules ( molecular biology), Cells ( cell biology ), Tissues ( microscopic anatomy, histology, pathology ), organs ( gross anatomy ), systems ( gross anatomy)
What is medical practice dependent upon?
Anatomy ,physiology, pathology and microbiology, pharmacology
Why study anatomy?
Provides the basis to
- Understand function
- Carry out physical examination of patients and identify anomalies
- Understand and interpret diagnostic images
- Ensure safe diagnostic and therapeutic procedures
- Introduce to the language that is the basis of medical reporting
Why study anatomy in terms of patients abnormalities?
Observational skills (normal variation, age related diff, disease , trauma )
Pattern recognition (making observations and linking them ( clinical reasoning )
Presentation and communication skills ( terminology )
When did anatomy first begin
In ancient Greece, the treatment of disease was based on philosophy. Human body was considered sacred and physicians refrained from dissection.
3rd century BC, Alexandria: Herophilus of Chalcedon and Erasistratus of Ceos became the first ancient Greek physicians to perform systemic dissections of human cadavres on deceased criminals. After they died dissection went into oblivion.
Galens effect on anatomy
Galen ( 129-216AD)
- Fascniated by anatomy – studied muscles , vessels and sight and how we move breathe bleed
- Best known for theory of four humours , blood, phlegm , yellow and black bile – imbalance causes disease – believed they shaped character and health
- Personal physician of Aurelius’
- At the time he was in Rome dissection was prohibited
- But he was the emperors doctor so he was able to dissect animals and severely njured gladiators
13th century anatomy
In the 13th century, the roman emporer Frederick the second issued a degree that a human body should be dissected at least once every five years if you wanted to be a doctor or attend a dissection and attendance was made compulsory.
This decree sparked the idea that the human body can only be learned through dissection of the body, and dissection then becomes legal in many European contries.
However in 1299, Pope Boniface VIII forbade dissection and manipulation of corpses à and stopped the practice of dissection in some countries but NOT ITALY
In 1315, Bologna: first official sanctioned systemic human dissection was performed by mondino de luizzi on an executed criminal, and could be watched by the public.
14th century anatomy
In 14th century, universities of Perugia, padua and Florence made it mandatory for students to do one dissection in order to achieve doctorate degrees.
Towards the end of the 15th century as a result of renaissance in art in Italy, artists started to perform their own dissections
15th century anatomy
Before renaissance, places like china and arabia still done dissection but depictions of anatomy were still wrong – 15th century – when st Andrews uni was founded.
Leonardo da vinci ( 1452 – 1519 )
Human dissections and drawings made sparked questions about function
He made very acurate depictions of the human body which were so thorough people thought more about function rather than structure.
When and who accepted teaching of anatomy by dissections firstly and who was andreas versailles.
Finally, Pope clement VII in 1537 accepted the teaching of anatomy by dissection.
Italy was the first country to commonly use dissections for scientific purposes.
Dissections were public occasions, leading to the term “theatre” for the observation area in surgery.
The same year Andreas Vesalius moved to Italy
1514 to 1564
He was a Belgium physician who moved to padua
He was friends with the person in charge of dissections so he got to choose cadavres
Was very good at accurate depictions
Anatomy became a discipline as he sparked the thought that to learn anatomy you need to dissect yourself, challenged the views of Galen which was significant.
What did the scots contribute to anatomy?
William hunter and John hunter
They were physicians and John was an anatomist
They lived in London then moved to Scotland
William wrote a book on the uterus with extraorindary depictions
They only used the bodies of convicted murderes could be used for dissection
William dissected pregnant women, not many pregnant woman so how did he get the bodies? More than 100 ?! – Body snatching – ramsaking cemeteries and sell them to schools and whoever wanted to run dissections – burke and hare
Systemic anatomy
- Deals with system
- Organs related in function – digestive system studied as one piece
Regional anatomy
- Focuses on specific region and how the systems work together in that region
- Allows understanding of widespread disease and trauma
Surface or living anatomy
- Deals with where are structures are in relation to the skin of the body
- Fundamental to clinical procedures and examination
