Intro to ANAPHY (LEC) Flashcards by Ira Canania

Field in the biological sciences concerned with the identification & description of the
body structures of living things.

Anatomy

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Studies structures that can only be seen with the aid of

microscope

Microscopic anatomy

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Studies structures that can be seen by the naked eye

Gross anatomy

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Studies surface markings of the body to understand internal anatomy
through visualization and palpation. Gives us an idea of what is inside our body because
we can’t directly see some organs because they are greatly covered by layers of fats,
muscles, and our skin.

Surface anatomy

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Studies structures of specific body systems.

Systemic anatomy

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Studies structures found within specific regions of the body

Regional anatomy

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Studies changes (Gross to Microscopic) in organs or tissues
associated with the disease process. Focuses with the changes in the appearance of the
organ. Can be studied through biopsy.

Pathological anatomy

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Studies structures that can be viewed with x-ray, MRI, and CT
scans.

Radiographic anatomy

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Studies the development of the first 8 weeks of development after
fertilization of the human egg. First 8 weeks of life is important because that is when
the fetus is developing majority of the organs

Embryology

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Studies the complete development of an individual from

fertilization to death. studying humans from the day of the fertilization of the egg until the human will die.

Developmental Biology

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Field in the biological sciences concerned with the functions of the structures (cells,
tissues, and organs).

Physiology

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Studies the function of the heart and blood vessels

Cardiovascular Physiology

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Studies the function of the lungs and air passageways.

Respiratory Physiology

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Studies functional changes associated with the disease and aging

Pathophysiology

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Studies the function of the kidneys

Renal Physiology

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Studies the function of nerves.

Neurophysiology

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Study of body’s defense against invading microorganism. Studies how the
body would defend itself.

Immunology

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Study of hormones.

Endocrinology

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Organization in Human Body (from smallest to biggest)

Cells -> Tissues -> Organs -> Systems

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Group of cells and extracellular matrix that work together to perform a
particular function. Fibers and ground substances make up extracellular matrix.

Tissue Level

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Atoms and Molecules; smallest unit of matter that can participate in
chemical reactions. Atoms and molecules can combine together to form the cells.
Molecules will combine together to form cells and cells are the smallest structural and
functional unit of the human body

Chemical Level

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Molecules combine to form cells. Cells are basic Structural and
functional unit of an organism; smallest living unit in the body.

Cellular Level

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Group of related organs with common function.

System Level

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Group of two or more tissues functioning together

Organ Level

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Digestive + Integumentary + Skeletal + Cardiovascular + Respiratory + Reproductive + Muscular + Nervous + Urinary + Endocrine + Lymphatic System

Organism Level

Levels of Structural Organization and Body | Systems

Atom -> Molecule -> Macromolecule -> Organelle -> Cell -> Tissue -> Organ -> Organ System -> Organism

Characteristics of the Living Organism?

Metabolism, Responsiveness, movement, Growth,, Differentiation, Reproduction

Any process that living things use to actively maintain fairly stable conditions necessary for survival. Balance.

Homeostasis

cycle of events in which the status of a body condition is | monitored, evaluated, changed, remonitored, reevaluated and so on.

Feedback Systems

monitors changes in controlled condition and | sends input to the control center

Receptor/Sensor

sets range of values within which a | controlled condition should be maintained

Control center

receives output from the control center and produces a | response or effect that changes controlled condition

Effector

Reverses the change in the controlled condition.

Negative Feedback system

tends to strengthen or reinforce a change in one body’s | controlled conditions.

Positive Feedback system

Anatomical position

``` Stand erect facing the observer Head level Eyes facing directly forward Feet flat on floor and directed forwards Upper limbs at the sides with palms facing forward ```

- if the body is facing down

Prone position

if the body is facing up

Supine position

Parts of Head

skull, face

Neck function

supports head and attach to trunk

Parts of Trunk

Chest, abdomen, pelvis, upper limbs

- the lower most portion of the trunk. Where we can find the male and female internal genitalia

[pelvis

where we can find the stomach, the | small and the large intestine

Abdomen

where we can find our heart and lungs

Chest -

Parts of Lower Limbs

``` Buttocks Thigh - Leg - Ankle Foot ```

Upper part of a structure; towards | the head

Superior/Cephalic/Cranial -

Away from the | head and lower part of a structure

Inferior/Caudal

_____ means tail

Caudal

Farther from the midline

Lateral

- Nearer to the midline

Medial

- On the same side of | the body as another structure

Ipsilateral -

On the opposite side of the body as another structure

Contralateral

``` Father from the attachment of the limb to the trunk, or farther from the origin of the structure. Farther from the center of the body ```

Distal

``` Nearer to the attachment of the limb to the trunk, or nearer to the origin of the structure. Closer to the center of the body. ```

Proximal

Away from the surface of the body

Deep

Towards the surface of the body

Superficial

imaginary flat surfaces that | pass through the body parts

planes

types of planes

sagittal, coronal, transverse, oblique

- vertical plane that divides the body or organ into right and left side

sagittal planes

divides body vertically to equal parts

Midsagittal/Median

divides body vertically to unequal parts

Parasagittal

what plane divides the body into front and | back

Frontal/Coronal plane

plane that divides the body | into superior and inferior

Transverse plane

passes through the body or organ at an angle other than 90 degrees

Oblique plane

cut portions of the body or one of | its organ made along of the planes

Sections

Spaces within the body that help protect, separates and support internal organs

Body Cavities

``` Cranial and vertebral cavity are continuous with each other and are composed of _____ and ___________ for additional protection of the brain and spinal cord ```

meninges, cerebrospinal fluid

Kinds of Body Cavities

Cranial, Vertebral, Thoracic, Diaphragm (not cavity but ok), Abdominal, Pelvic

cavity that contains the brain

Cranial Cavity

cavity that contains spinal cord

Vertebral/ Spinal Cavity

aka chest cavity

Thoracic Cavity

what cavity is formed by the ribs, muscles of the chest, sternum, and thoracic portion of the vertebral column

Thoracic cavity

. Fluid-filled space that | encloses the heart

Pericardial cavity

houses the lungs. 2 fluid-filled spaces that enclose the lungs.

Pleural cavity

- central portion of | the thoracic cavity

Mediastinum

Extends from the sternum to the vertebral column Extends from the first rib to diaphragm

Mediastinum

- separates the thoracic | cavity from the abdominal cavity

diaphragm

the diaphragm is what type of muscle (2 ans)

skeletal muscle | respiratory muscle

cavity that contains the stomach, spleen, liver, gallbladder, small intestine and most of the large intestine

Abdominal cavity

what cavity contains the urinary bladder, some portions of the large intestine and internal organs of the male and female reproductive system

Pelvic cavity

Organs that belong to the | abdominopelvic cavity are called?

viscera or visceral organs

Thin, pliable tissue that covers, lines and partitions structures. Structure that cover cavities

Membrane

double layered membrane covering body cavities that do not directly open to the exterior

Serous membranes

cavities under serous membranes

Pleural cavity, pericardial | cavity, abdominal cavity

thin lining epithelium that lines the wall of the cavity

Parietal layer

a thin epithelium that adheres to the viscera or organ

Visceral layer

Serous membrane of the heart is | called _______.

Parietal/Visceral Pericardium

Serous membrane of the lungs is | called _______.

Parietal/Visceral Pleura

Serous membrane of the abdomen is | called _______.

Parietal/Visceral Peritoneum

line cavities or tube that open to the exterior portion of the body

Mucous Membrane

cavities under mucous membrane

nasal and oral cavity

2 methods of dividing abdominopelvic cavity

9 regions and 4 quadrants

``` WHAT REGION? contains liver right kidney gallbladder large/small intestine ```

Right Hypochondriac Region

``` WHAT REGION? liver stomach spleen duodenum adrenal glands pancreas ```

epigastric region

``` WHAT REGION? liver's tip stomach pancreas L kidney spleen large/small intestine ```

Left Hypochondriac Region

WHAT REGION? ascending colon small intestine R Kidney

Right Lumbar Region

WHAT REGION? duodenum small intestine transverse colon

Umbilical Region

WHAT REGION? descending colon small intestine L Kidney

Left Lumbar Region

``` WHAT REGION? appendix cecum ascending colon small intestine ```

Right Iliac/ Inguinal Region

``` WHAT REGION? bladder sigmoid colon small intestine reproductive organs ```

Hypogastric Region

WHAT REGION? Sigmoid colon descending colon small intestine

Left Iliac/ Inguinal Region

9 abdominopelvic regions

- Right hypochondriac - epigastric - Left hypochondriac - Right Lumbar - umbilical - Left Lumbar - Right Iliac - Hypogastric - Left Iliac

what quadrant? Liver, gallbladder, pylorus, duodenum, hepatic flexure of colon, and the head of the pancreas

Right Upper Quadrant

WHAT QUADRANT? Spleen, splenic flexure of colon, stomach, body and tail of pancreas, and transverse colon

Left Upper Quadrant

WHAT QUADRANT? Sigmoid colon, descending colon, left ovary

Left Lower Quadrant

WHAT QUADRANT? Cecum, appendix, ascending colon, right ovary

Right Lower Quadrant

- Breakdown of complex chemical substances into simpler components

Catabolism

Building of complex chemical substances from smaller and simpler components.

Anabolism

Branches of Anatomy

1. Gross Anatomy 2. Microscopic Anatomy 3. Surface Anatomy 4. Systemic Anatomy 5. Regional Anatomy 6. Pathological Anatomy 7. Embryology 8. Developmental Biology

Branches of Physiology

1. Endocrinology 2. Immunology 3. Neurophysiology 4. Renal Physiology 5. Respiratory Physiology 6. Cardiovascular Physiology 7. Pathophysiology