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ANAPHY LEC > Chemical Level of Organization > Flashcards

Chemical Level of Organization Flashcards

1
Q

Fundamental unit in chemistry

A

CHEMICAL ELEMENTS

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2
Q

how many elements total

A

112

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3
Q

how many elements present in human body?

A

26

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4
Q

what 4 major elements make up 96%

A

(O, C, H, and N)

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5
Q

Smallest unit of an element that retains characteristics of an element

A

atoms

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6
Q

Atom contains:

A
  • Nucleus that has protons (+), neutrons (0)

* Electrons (–) surrounding nucleus

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7
Q

atom’s total charge

A

neutral

Protons # = electron #

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8
Q

how to get atomic number?

A

=number of protons= number of electrons

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9
Q

how to get mass number?

A

number of protons + number of neutrons

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10
Q

What happens when an atom gives up or gains an electron?

A

ion

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11
Q

What happens when atoms share electrons?

A

molecule

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12
Q

What happens when two or more different atoms held together with chemical bonds ?

A

compound

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13
Q

IONS, MOLECULES AND COMPOUNDS are described by?

A

molecular formula

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14
Q

In molecular formula, what does subscript indicate?

A

of atoms of element

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15
Q

Attraction between atoms to form attachments

A

CHEMICAL BONDING

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16
Q

What determines type of chemical bonding

?

A

of electrons in outer shell

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17
Q

types of chemical bonds

A

ionic
covalent
hydrogen

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18
Q

what bond happens when electron is donated or accepted from another atom?

A

IONIC BONDS

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19
Q

Ionic bonds typically occur between atoms in which:

A
  • One has just 1 or 2 electrons in outer shells

* Other has almost full outer shell (6 or 7 electrons)

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20
Q

• If electron is accepted, atom →

A

anion (-)

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21
Q

negative ion is..

A

anion

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22
Q

If electron is donated, atom →

A

cation (+)

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23
Q

positive ion is…

A

cation

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24
Q

what bonding happens when:

Opposite charges attract →

A

ionic bonding

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25
Q

Sharing of electrons in outer shell →

A

covalent bonds

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26
Q

Covalent bond typically occurs between atoms in which:

A

-outer shells are about

half full.

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27
Q

Form when a hydrogen atom (with a partial positive charge)
attracts the partial negative charge of neighboring atoms,
such as oxygen or nitrogen.

A

HYDROGEN BONDS

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28
Q

Contribute strength and stability within large complex

molecules

A

HYDROGEN BONDS

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29
Q

Occur when old bonds break and new bonds form

A

CHEMICAL REACTIONS

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30
Q

types of chemical reactions

A

synthesis
decomposition
exchange
reversible

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31
Q

putting atoms together to form larger molecules

A

synthesis

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32
Q

A + B → AB

A

SYNTHESIS

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33
Q

Synthesis in the body

A

anabolism

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34
Q

• Splitting molecules apart

A

decomposition

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35
Q

AB → A + B

A

DECOMPOSITION

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36
Q

Decomposition in the body

A

catabolism

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37
Q

Involve both synthesis and decomposition

A

EXCHANGE

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38
Q

AB + CD → AD + BC

A

EXCHANGE

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39
Q

Can go in either direction: synthesis or decomposition or

exchange

A

REVERSIBLE

40
Q

CLASSES OF CHEMICALS

A

inorganic

organic

41
Q

Structure: lack C-H bonds; structurally simple

A

Inorganic

42
Q

what kind of chemical?

Water, carbon dioxide, bicarbonate, acids, bases, and salts

A

inorganic

43
Q

Structure:
• All contain C-H bonds
• Structurally complex (include polymers composed of many units =
monomers)

A

Organic

44
Q

A + B ↔ AB

A

REVERSIBLE

45
Q

AB + CD ↔ AD + BC

A

REVERSIBLE

46
Q

carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids are under what class of chemical?

A

Organic

47
Q

Characteristics of water

A

• Most abundant chemical in human body
• Good solvent and lubricant
• Takes part in chemical reactions
• Absorbs and releases heat slowly; regulates body
temperature
• Involved in digestion, circulation, and elimination of
wastes

48
Q

always have covalent bond

A

Organic

49
Q

___dissolves → H+ (1 or more)

A

Acid

50
Q

____ dissolves → OH-

1 or more

A

Base

51
Q

Acid dissolves →

A

H+ (1 or more)

52
Q

• Base dissolves →

A

OH-

1 or more

53
Q

Acid + base →

A

salt

54
Q

The concentration of H+ or OH– expressed on the pH scale

A

PH CONCEPT

55
Q

pH scale:

A

0–14

56
Q

pH 7.0:

A

H+ concentration = OH–
concentration
(neutral)

57
Q

pH < 7.0

A

more H+ (acid)

58
Q

pH > 7.0

A

more OH–

alkaline

59
Q

Most common sources of energy for humans

A

CARBOHYDRATES

60
Q

Three major classes of ccarbohydrates

A

mono-, di-, poly-

61
Q

simple sugar

A

Monosaccharide

62
Q

two bonded monosaccharides

A

Disaccharides

63
Q

Larger carbohydrates formed by dehydration synthesis and

broken down by _________

A

hydrolysis

64
Q

Glucose + fructose ↔

A

sucrose (table sugar)

65
Q

Glucose + galactose ↔

A

lactose (milk sugar)

66
Q

Glucose + glucose↔

A

maltose

67
Q

Monosaccharides (monomers) in long chains
• Complex branching structures not usually soluble in
water
• Glycogen: carbohydrate stored in animals (liver, muscles)
• Starch: carbohydrate stored in plants (potatoes, rice, grains)
• Cellulose: plant polymer (indigestible fibers)

A

POLYSACCHARIDES

68
Q

usually uses -ose

A

monosaccharides

69
Q

glycogen, starch, cellulose

A

POLYSACCHARIDES

70
Q

Characteristics
• Insoluble in water = hydrophobic
• Functions: protect, insulate, provide energy

A

LIPIDS

71
Q

Classes of lipids

A

Triglycerides
Phospholipids
Steroids based on ring-structure of cholesterol
Fat-soluble vitamins

72
Q
  • Most plentiful in diet and body
  • Each composed of 3 fatty acids + 1 glycerol
  • May be saturated, monounsaturated, or polyunsaturated
A

Triglycerides

73
Q

form lipid bilayer in membranes

A

Phospholipids

74
Q

Fat-soluble vitamins:

A

A, D, E, and K

75
Q

Ring structures similar to
• Used to make steroid hormones
• Help make plasma membranes stiff
• Made in liver

A

CHOLESTEROL

76
Q

Structure: composed of amino acids (monomers)

• 20 different amino acids (like alphabet)

A

PROTEINS

77
Q

• Amino acid structure: central carbon with

A
  • Acid (carboxyl) group (COOH)
  • Amino group (NH2)
  • Side chain (varies among the 20 amino acids)
78
Q

Amino acids joined in long chains:

By dehydration synthesis to form

A

peptide bonds →

dipeptide → tripeptide → polypeptide

79
Q

PROTEINS

• Functions (many)

A 
• Much of cell structure
• Contraction: muscle fibers
• Regulate body: hormones
• Transport of O2
in blood: hemoglobin
• Defense: antibodies
• Chemical catalysts: enzymes
80
Q

• Proteins that serve as chemical catalysts

A

ENZYMES

81
Q

• Highly specific: one works on a specific substrate →
product
• Efficient: can be used over and over

A

ENZYMES

82
Q

\

A

\

83
Q
  • Names
  • Most end in “-ase”
  • Many give clues to functions: sucrase, lipase, protease, dehydrogenase
A

ENZYMES

84
Q
  • DNA or RNA

* Huge polymers composed of nucleotides

A

NUCLEIC ACIDS

85
Q

• Each nucleotide (monomer) consists of

A
  • Sugar (5-C monosaccharide: ribose or deoxyribose)
  • Phosphate
  • Nitrogen-containing (nitrogeneous) base
86
Q

nitrogenous base:

• In DNA

A

adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), or thymine (T)

87
Q

nitrogenous bases

• In RNA:

A

adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), or uracil (U) (which replaces
T of DNA)

88
Q

• Nucleotides are connected into long chains that are bonded
by bases:
• C – G, G – C, T – A, or A – T
• Two chains form double helix (spiral ladder)

A

DNA

89
Q

• Function: stores (genetic information) in genes (found in
chromosomes) that:
• Direct protein synthesis and therefore regulate everyday activities of
cells
• Carry this genetic information to the next generation of cells

A

DNA

90
Q

• Nucleotides are connected into a long, single chain (one side of
a ladder)

A

RNA

91
Q

In transcription, RNA (italics) positions next to

A

DNA: C – G, G – C, A - T,

or U – A

92
Q

In translation, t-RNA (italics) positions next to

A

m-RNA (italics): C – G, G

– C, A - U, or U - A

93
Q

• Function:
• Carries out protein synthesis by correctly sequencing amino acids, so
helps to regulate everyday activities of cells

A

RNA

94
Q

Structure: composed of chemicals similar to those in RNA: base
(adenine), ribose, and phosphates

A

ATP

95
Q

energy currency of living system

A

ATP

96
Q

• Function: the main energy-storing molecule in the body

A

ATP

97
Q

• contains 3 phosphates
• Carries energy in high-energy chemical bonds between terminal
phosphate groups
• Energy released from those bonds when they break: ATP → ADP +
phosphate + energy

A

ATP

ANAPHY LEC (3 decks)

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