Chemical Level of Organization Flashcards
1
Q
Fundamental unit in chemistry
A
CHEMICAL ELEMENTS
2
Q
how many elements total
A
112
3
Q
how many elements present in human body?
A
26
4
Q
what 4 major elements make up 96%
A
(O, C, H, and N)
5
Q
Smallest unit of an element that retains characteristics of an element
A
atoms
6
Q
Atom contains:
A
- Nucleus that has protons (+), neutrons (0)
* Electrons (–) surrounding nucleus
7
Q
atom’s total charge
A
neutral
Protons # = electron #
8
Q
how to get atomic number?
A
=number of protons= number of electrons
9
Q
how to get mass number?
A
number of protons + number of neutrons
10
Q
What happens when an atom gives up or gains an electron?
A
ion
11
Q
What happens when atoms share electrons?
A
molecule
12
Q
What happens when two or more different atoms held together with chemical bonds ?
A
compound
13
Q
IONS, MOLECULES AND COMPOUNDS are described by?
A
molecular formula
14
Q
In molecular formula, what does subscript indicate?
A
of atoms of element
15
Q
Attraction between atoms to form attachments
A
CHEMICAL BONDING
16
Q
What determines type of chemical bonding
?
A
of electrons in outer shell
17
Q
types of chemical bonds
A
ionic
covalent
hydrogen
18
Q
what bond happens when electron is donated or accepted from another atom?
A
IONIC BONDS
19
Q
Ionic bonds typically occur between atoms in which:
A
- One has just 1 or 2 electrons in outer shells
* Other has almost full outer shell (6 or 7 electrons)
20
Q
• If electron is accepted, atom →
A
anion (-)
21
Q
negative ion is..
A
anion
22
Q
If electron is donated, atom →
A
cation (+)
23
Q
positive ion is…
A
cation
24
Q
what bonding happens when:
Opposite charges attract →
A
ionic bonding
25
Sharing of electrons in outer shell →
covalent bonds
26
Covalent bond typically occurs between atoms in which:
-outer shells are about
| half full.
27
Form when a hydrogen atom (with a partial positive charge)
attracts the partial negative charge of neighboring atoms,
such as oxygen or nitrogen.
HYDROGEN BONDS
28
Contribute strength and stability within large complex
| molecules
HYDROGEN BONDS
29
Occur when old bonds break and new bonds form
CHEMICAL REACTIONS
30
types of chemical reactions
synthesis
decomposition
exchange
reversible
31
putting atoms together to form larger molecules
synthesis
32
A + B → AB
SYNTHESIS
33
Synthesis in the body
anabolism
34
• Splitting molecules apart
decomposition
35
AB → A + B
DECOMPOSITION
36
Decomposition in the body
catabolism
37
Involve both synthesis and decomposition
EXCHANGE
38
AB + CD → AD + BC
EXCHANGE
39
Can go in either direction: synthesis or decomposition or
| exchange
REVERSIBLE
40
CLASSES OF CHEMICALS
inorganic
| organic
41
Structure: lack C-H bonds; structurally simple
Inorganic
42
what kind of chemical?
| Water, carbon dioxide, bicarbonate, acids, bases, and salts
inorganic
43
Structure:
• All contain C-H bonds
• Structurally complex (include polymers composed of many units =
monomers)
Organic
44
A + B ↔ AB
REVERSIBLE
45
AB + CD ↔ AD + BC
REVERSIBLE
46
carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids are under what class of chemical?
Organic
47
Characteristics of water
• Most abundant chemical in human body
• Good solvent and lubricant
• Takes part in chemical reactions
• Absorbs and releases heat slowly; regulates body
temperature
• Involved in digestion, circulation, and elimination of
wastes
48
always have covalent bond
Organic
49
___dissolves → H+ (1 or more)
Acid
50
____ dissolves → OH-
| 1 or more
Base
51
Acid dissolves →
H+ (1 or more)
52
• Base dissolves →
OH-
| 1 or more
53
Acid + base →
salt
54
The concentration of H+ or OH– expressed on the pH scale
PH CONCEPT
55
pH scale:
0–14
56
pH 7.0:
H+ concentration = OH–
concentration
(neutral)
57
pH < 7.0
more H+ (acid)
58
pH > 7.0
more OH–
| alkaline
59
Most common sources of energy for humans
CARBOHYDRATES
60
Three major classes of ccarbohydrates
mono-, di-, poly-
61
simple sugar
Monosaccharide
62
two bonded monosaccharides
Disaccharides
63
Larger carbohydrates formed by dehydration synthesis and
| broken down by _________
hydrolysis
64
Glucose + fructose ↔
sucrose (table sugar)
65
Glucose + galactose ↔
lactose (milk sugar)
66
Glucose + glucose↔
maltose
67
Monosaccharides (monomers) in long chains
• Complex branching structures not usually soluble in
water
• Glycogen: carbohydrate stored in animals (liver, muscles)
• Starch: carbohydrate stored in plants (potatoes, rice, grains)
• Cellulose: plant polymer (indigestible fibers)
POLYSACCHARIDES
68
usually uses -ose
monosaccharides
69
glycogen, starch, cellulose
POLYSACCHARIDES
70
Characteristics
• Insoluble in water = hydrophobic
• Functions: protect, insulate, provide energy
LIPIDS
71
Classes of lipids
Triglycerides
Phospholipids
Steroids based on ring-structure of cholesterol
Fat-soluble vitamins
72
* Most plentiful in diet and body
* Each composed of 3 fatty acids + 1 glycerol
* May be saturated, monounsaturated, or polyunsaturated
Triglycerides
73
form lipid bilayer in membranes
Phospholipids
74
Fat-soluble vitamins:
A, D, E, and K
75
Ring structures similar to
• Used to make steroid hormones
• Help make plasma membranes stiff
• Made in liver
CHOLESTEROL
76
Structure: composed of amino acids (monomers)
| • 20 different amino acids (like alphabet)
PROTEINS
77
• Amino acid structure: central carbon with
* Acid (carboxyl) group (COOH)
* Amino group (NH2)
* Side chain (varies among the 20 amino acids)
78
Amino acids joined in long chains:
| By dehydration synthesis to form
peptide bonds →
| dipeptide → tripeptide → polypeptide
79
PROTEINS
| • Functions (many)
```
• Much of cell structure
• Contraction: muscle fibers
• Regulate body: hormones
• Transport of O2
in blood: hemoglobin
• Defense: antibodies
• Chemical catalysts: enzymes
```
80
• Proteins that serve as chemical catalysts
ENZYMES
81
• Highly specific: one works on a specific substrate →
product
• Efficient: can be used over and over
ENZYMES
82
\
\
83
* Names
* Most end in “-ase”
* Many give clues to functions: sucrase, lipase, protease, dehydrogenase
ENZYMES
84
* DNA or RNA
| * Huge polymers composed of nucleotides
NUCLEIC ACIDS
85
• Each nucleotide (monomer) consists of
* Sugar (5-C monosaccharide: ribose or deoxyribose)
* Phosphate
* Nitrogen-containing (nitrogeneous) base
86
nitrogenous base:
| • In DNA
adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), or thymine (T)
87
nitrogenous bases
| • In RNA:
adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), or uracil (U) (which replaces
T of DNA)
88
• Nucleotides are connected into long chains that are bonded
by bases:
• C – G, G – C, T – A, or A – T
• Two chains form double helix (spiral ladder)
DNA
89
• Function: stores (genetic information) in genes (found in
chromosomes) that:
• Direct protein synthesis and therefore regulate everyday activities of
cells
• Carry this genetic information to the next generation of cells
DNA
90
• Nucleotides are connected into a long, single chain (one side of
a ladder)
RNA
91
In transcription, RNA (italics) positions next to
DNA: C – G, G – C, A - T,
| or U – A
92
In translation, t-RNA (italics) positions next to
m-RNA (italics): C – G, G
| – C, A - U, or U - A
93
• Function:
• Carries out protein synthesis by correctly sequencing amino acids, so
helps to regulate everyday activities of cells
RNA
94
Structure: composed of chemicals similar to those in RNA: base
(adenine), ribose, and phosphates
ATP
95
energy currency of living system
ATP
96
• Function: the main energy-storing molecule in the body
ATP
97
• contains 3 phosphates
• Carries energy in high-energy chemical bonds between terminal
phosphate groups
• Energy released from those bonds when they break: ATP → ADP +
phosphate + energy
ATP
