Intro to abdominal wall Flashcards by Youssef El Soussi

What is meant by the abdomen?

It is the part of the trunk located between the diaphragm and the pelvis

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What are the layers of the anterior abdominal wall?

1) External

2) Internal

3) Innermost

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What is the superior boundary of the anterior abdominal wall?

Xiphoid process and the costal margin

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What is the lateral border of the anterior abdominal wall?

The mid axillary line

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What is the inferior border of the anterior abdominal wall?

1) Pubic symphysis

2) Inguinal ligaments

3) Iliac crest

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What is the anterior axillary line?

It is a imaginary line that passes through the axillary fold produced by the pectoral muscles

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What is posterior axillary line?

It is an imaginary line that passes that passes through the fold produced by the teres major and latissimus dorsi

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What is the mid-axillary line?

It is an imaginary line that passes between the anterior and posterior axillary line

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What is the pubic symphysis?

It is a midline joint

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What is the pubic crest?

Structure that extends laterally for 2.5cm from the pubic symphysis

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What is the pubic tubercle?

Lateral prominence of the pubic crest

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When we get punched in the abdomen, why do we feel pain more at the lateral side?

Due to the fact that the lateral side contain muscles while the middle has an aponeurosis

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What are the planes of the anterior abdominal wall?

1) Mid-clavicular plane (right and left lateral planes)

2) Subcostal plane

3) Transpyloric plane

4) Interspinous plane

5) Trans-tubercular plane

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What is the mid-clavicular plane?

A line that passes through the midpoint of the clavicle to the mid-inguinal point
It is also represented by the Linea semilunaris (curved deviation on either side, the point at which muscles transition to become aponeurosis)

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What is the subcostal plane?

At the lowest part of the costal margin, just inferior to the 10th costal cartilage, and at the lower part of L3 posteriorly

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What is the vertebral relation of the subcostal plane?

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What is the vertebral relation of the umbilicus?

L3-L4

People with a ’belly’ usually have their umbilicus below this level

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What is the transpyloric plane?

It is the mid-point of the line joining the jugular notch and the pubic symphysis, located at the tip of the 9th costal cartilage anteriorly

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What is the vertebral relation of the transpyloric plane?

The lower border of L1

To what organs does the transpyloric plane related to?

Please Find Nice Places Or Spots, Really Helpful Landmarks

1) Pyloric part of the stomach

2) Fundus of the gall bladder

3) Neck of the pancreas

4) Portal vein formation

5) Origin of the superior mesenteric artery

6) Root of the transverse mesocolon

7) Hila of the kidneys

8) The lower end of spinal cord (in adults)

What is the pylorus of the stomach?

It is the lower end of the stomach located at L1 in certain conditions

Where is the fundus of the gall bladder found?

It is the last portion of the gall bladder
Found at the junction of the midclavicular line and the transpyloric plane (some books says subcostal)

Describe the structure of the pancreas

It is a C-shaped structure that fits in the C-shaped duodenum

1) Neck of the pancreas overlies the Aorta and the superior mesenteric vein and artery (originates from the aorta)

2) The portal vein forms behind the neck of the pancreas by the union of the splenic vein and the superior mesenteric vein

Describe the peritoneal covering

It goes around the 3 parts of the colon, while the ascending and descending are not part of the peritoneum but rather retroperitoneal

The root of the peritoneum holding the transverse colon is theroot of the transverse mesocolon

What is the interspinous plane?

It is a plane that passes through the anterior superior iliac spine

What is the transtubercular plane?

It is a plane that passes through the tubercles of the iliac crest

What is the vertebral relation of the transtubercular plane?

What are the regions of the anterior abdominal wall?

- The anterior abdominal is divided into nine regions by two horizontal and two vertical planes (it is the intersection between the two horizontal planes "transpyloric and transtubercular" with the two vertical line "midclavicular")

What are the nine regions of the anterior abdominal wall?

1) Hypochondriac 2) Epigastric 3) Hypochondriac 4) Lumbar 5) Umbilical 6) Lumbar 7) Iliac 8) Hypogastric 9) iliac

What are the quadrants of the anterior abdominal wall?

- Divided by the intersection of the transumbilical "intervertebral disc between L3 and L4" and the median plane 1) Upper-right quadrant 2) Upper-left quadrant 3) Lower-left quadrant 4) Lower-right quadrant

In which anterior abdominal region is the stomach located?

1) Left hypochondriac 2) Epigastric 3) And partly in the superior aspect of the umbilical region

In which abdominal quadrant is the stomach located?

1) The majority of the stomach is in the LUQ 2) The pyloric end of the stomach is in the RUQ

In which region is the duodenum located?

1) Epigastric 2) Umbilical region

In which abdominal region is the jejunum and Ileum located?

They are seen in all areas except the hypochondriac and epigastric

What is large intestine?

- It extends from the ileocecal junction to the anus - It consists of: 1) Cecum 2) Appendix 3) Ascending colon 4) Transverse colon 5) Descending colon 6) Sigmoid colon 7) Rectum 8) Anus

In which anterior abdominal region is the liver and gall bladder located?

1) Right hypochondriac 2) Liver is also seen in the epigastric

In which abdominal region is the spleen located?

Left hypochondriac - Located in the 9-11 ribs

where are the kidneys located?

- They lie in the posterior abdominal wall 1) The hilus is located at the transpyloric plane 2) The suprarenalglands are situated on the upper pole of the kidney

In which anterior abdominal region is the pancreas located?

- Extends across the posterior abdominal wall from the C shaped curve of the duodenum to the splenic hilum - Formed of Head, Neck, Body and Tail - It is located in the epigastric region, and its tail is located in the left hypochondriac region

What is the peritoneum?

It is a serous membrane lined by mesothelial cells that are arranged in two layers

What are the layers of the peritoneum?

1) Parietal layer: - Lines the abdominal and pelvic cavities - Lines the inferior surface of the diaphragm - Lines the antero-lateral and the posterior abdominal walls - Lines the pelvic floor FYI: Between the parietal layer and the anterior & posterior abdominal walls their is a extraperitoneal fat layer 2) Visceral layer: - Covers the viscera - Extends to the body wall via the 2-layered mesentries

What is the mesentary?

It is a double layer of the visceral peritoneum that attaches the intraperitoneal organs like the jejunum to the posterior wall of the peritoneum

What are the retroperitoneal organs?

1) Kidneys 2) Adrenal glands 3) Pancreas 4) Duodenum 5) Ascending colon 6) Descending colon 7) Rectum 8) Abdominal Aorta 9) IVC

Does the retroperitoneal organs have a mesentry?

What are the intraperitoneal organs?

- They are suspended and covered by the peritoneum 1) Spleen 2) Liver & Gall Bladder 3) Stomach 4) Small intestine 5) Transverse colon 6) Sigmoid colon 7) Uterus - Intraperitoneal organs can be moved