Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

IDIT Exam 2 - Pharm/Path > Intro & Sulfonamides - Walters > Flashcards

Intro & Sulfonamides - Walters Flashcards

1
Q

What should you consider when choosing an antibiotic?

A
  1. Resistance
  2. Age
  3. Hepatic function
  4. Genetics
  5. Disease state
  6. Pregnancy
  7. Site of infection
  8. Route of administration
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Sulfonamides

A

Broad spectrum STATIC antibiotics vs G+ and G- organisms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the rationale behind multiple Rx therapy?

A
  1. Decreased risk of selecting for resistant organisms
  2. Multiple organism infections not covered by a single Rx
  3. Synergism - when two drugs produce an effect greater than the sums of either drug alone
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the mechanism of sulfonamides?

A

Structural analogs of PABA and as such, inhibit dihydroteropate synthase (the first step in synthesis of folic acid)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is commonly used with sulfas for a synergistic effect?

A

DHFR inhibitor (this reduces FH2 back to FH4; inhibits thymidine synthesis; inhibits organismal DNA synthesis)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Trimethoprim

A
  • Bacterial DHFRI

* Side effects: blood dyscrasias

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Primethamine

A
  • Protozoal DHFRI

* Antimalarial

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Methrotrexate

A
  • Mammalian, bacterial and protozoal DHFRI

* Used to treat psoriasis and various cancers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Pralatrexate

A

DHFRI used to treat T cell lymphomas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Sulfosoxazole

A
  • Oral sulfonamide

* Used w/erythromycin for otitis media

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Sulfamethoxazole

A
  • Oral sulfonamide
  • Used only w/trimethoprim for various urinary, respiratory and GI infections
  • Aka Co-trimoxazole; TMP-SMZ
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Sulfacetamide

A
  • Topical sulfonamide

* Used for ulcerative blepharitis and bacterial conjunctivitis (eye stuff)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Silver sulfadiazine

A
  • Topical sulfonamide
  • Used for burns and to prevent sepsis
  • Silver released is toxic to microorganisms
  • CAUTION: potential for extensive systemic absorption
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Mafenide

A
  • Topical sulfonamide
  • Used for burns
  • Limited use because can cause metabolic acidosis by inhibiting carbonic anhydrase (leads to loss of HCO3 → loss of buffering capacity)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are some general side effects of all sulfonamides?

A
  1. Crystalluria
  2. Kernicterus
  3. Blood dyscrasias
  4. Hypersensitivity
  5. Hyperkalemia
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Crystalluria

A
  • Crystal formation in nephrons of kidneys

* Incidence low but still recommend drinking lots of water with oral dosage forms to minimize risk of nephrotoxicity

17
Q

Kernicterus

A
  • Bilirubin encephalopathy
  • A form of jaundice from displacement of bilirubin from plasma proteins
  • Free bilirubin enters CNS & deposits in basal ganglia & other areas → generalized CNS depression
18
Q

Blood dyscrasias

A
  • Acute hemolytic anemia (most serious), agranulocytosis, aplastic anemia
  • Rare but can be fatal
  • Do not use topicals if there is a known Hx of blood dyscrasias
19
Q

Hyperkalemia

A
  • Too much potassium in blood

* Mainly if there is a co-morbidity

20
Q

Who should NEVER take sulfonamides?

A

Pregnant ladies during the last months of pregnancy, newborns and infants < 2 years old

21
Q

Erythema multiforme

A
  • Hypersensitivity disorder

* Sudden onset of asymptomatic macules, papules & vesicles on extremities and face

22
Q

Stevens-Johnson syndrome

A
  • Hypersensitivity disorder
  • Fever, headache, cough & conjunctivitis followed by macules on face, neck & other areas eventually forming bullous eruptions on skin & mucous membranes
23
Q

Rx fever

A
  • Hypersensitivity disorder

* Immune-mediated hypersensitivity phenomenon

24
Q

Why should kids not be given tetracyclines?

A

Because it can permanently discolor teeth

25
Q

Which drug is nephrotoxic and ototoxic?

A

Aminoglycosides

26
Q

Which drugs have a higher risk of causing hemolysis if low levels of G6PD?

A
  1. Sulfonamides
  2. Nitrofurantoin
  3. Chloramphenicol
27
Q

Which drugs can give you a false + for urine sugar?

A
  1. PCNs
  2. Cephalosporins
  3. Tetracyclines
28
Q

Which antibiotics can be given orally for a local effect?

A
  1. Aminoglycosides

2. Vancomycin

29
Q

What does a STATIC antibiotic do?

A

Inhibits metabolic pathway

30
Q

What does a CIDAL antibiotic do?

A

Kills organism directly by lysis

31
Q

What is the best way to use multiple antibiotic therapy?

A

Use two drugs that act by different mechanisms!

The more different steps in an organism’s life cycle you can disrupt, the more likely you’ll be to kill it

32
Q

What are two examples of synergism?

A
  1. Sulfonamide + trimethoprim = inhibit sequential steps in synthesis of folate
  2. PCNs + gentamicin (or streptomycin) = PCN inhibits the uptake of the other 1 and is used in treating enterococcal endocarditis
33
Q

What pregnancy category do sulfonamides fall into?

A

B (is for bitches)

34
Q

What drug can sulfas displace?

A

Warfarin from albumin

IDIT Exam 2 - Pharm/Path (10 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions