Cell Injury & Death V - Parsa

Question 1

Autophagy

Answer 1

• Process in which a cell eats its own contents

* Survival mechanism in times of nutrient deprivation

Question 2

Heterophagy

Answer 2

• Phagocytizing specific exogenous material

Question 3

Pathology related to too much lipid

Answer 3

1. Fatty liver (steatosis)
2. Xanthomas
3. Cholesterolosis
4. Niemann-Pick Disease

Question 4

Fatty Liver (Steatosis)

Answer 4

Defects in any of the steps of uptake, catabolism or secretion can result in lipid accumulation

Question 5

Xanthomas

Answer 5

Intracellular accumulation of cholesterol in hyperlipoproteinemia

Question 6

Cholesterolosis

Answer 6

• Refers to the focal accumulations of cholesterol-laden macrophages in the lamina propria of the gall bladder
• Mechanism of accumulation is unknown

Question 7

Niemann-Pick Disease

Answer 7

Lysosomal storage disease caused by mutations affecting an enzyme involved in cholesterol trafficking resulting in cholesterol accumulation in multiple organs

Question 8

Pathology related to too much protein

Answer 8

1. Amyloidosis
2. A1-antitrypsin deficiency
3. Russell bodies

Question 9

Amyloidosis

Answer 9

Abnormal or misfolded proteins in kidney

Question 10

A1-antitrypsin deficiency

Answer 10

Mutations in the protein significantly slow folding resulting in the buildup or partially folded intermediates which aggregate in ER of liver and are not secreted

Question 11

Russell bodies

Answer 11

Large homogenous eosinophilic inclusions that occur when the ER becomes distended

Question 12

Diabetes Mellitus

Answer 12

• Prime example of a disorder of glucose metabolism
• Glycogen is found in renal tubular epithelial cells, liver cells, beta cells of islet of Langerhans and heart muscle cells

Question 13

Pathology related to intracellular pigment accumulation

Answer 13

1. Lipofuscin
2. Melanoma
3. Hemosiderin
4. Kernicterus
5. Cholestasis
6. Anthracosis
7. Pathologic calcification

Question 14

Lipofuscin

Answer 14

• Light yellow

* Insoluble pigment

Question 15

Melanoma

Answer 15

Malignant neoplasm of pigment producing melanocytes

Question 16

Hemosiderin

Answer 16

• Iron (yellow-brown)

* Byproduct of hemoglobin breakdown

Question 17

Kernicterus

Answer 17

• Hemolytic disease of newborn

* Due to maternal antibodies destroying fetal erythrocytes

Question 18

Cholestasis

Answer 18

• Bile in liver cirrhosis

* Clinically jaundice

Question 19

Anthracosis

Answer 19

Carbon pigment accumulation

Question 20

Pathologic calcification

Answer 20

The abnormal tissue deposition of calcium salts

Question 21

Dystrophic calcification

Answer 21

NOT associated with hyperlipidemia

Question 22

Metastatic calcification

Answer 22

Associated with hyperlipidemia

Question 23

What creates cellular aging?

Answer 23

1. Telomere shortening
2. Environmental insults
3. DNA repair defects
4. Abnormal growth factor signaling