Intro/Scoliosis Flashcards
What are the four ways in which bone can change?
1 get more white
2 have holes or get more black
3 break
4 change shape
Which can be removed and which cannot: artifacts or foreign bodies?
Removed = artifacts
Cannot be removed = foreign bodies
What is the absolute first thing to check when viewing an X-ray?
Patient information
What are the ABC’s of film interpretation (BCAS)?
B = bone structure C = cartilage A = alignment S = soft tissues
What are the components of a radiographic report?
1 identification 2 introduction 3 findings 4 impressions 5 recommendations
What term is used to describe what’s abnormal in an X-ray?
Findings
What term is used as diagnoses from an X-ray?
Impressions
Are findings and diagnoses the same things?
NO
Which are written as brief statements and which are written in a full sentence paragraph format: findings or diagnoses?
Brief statements = impressions/diagnoses
Full sentences = findings
In what way should the findings and impressions be listed?
Starting with the most significant
What type of imaging is considered the “Gold Standard” for musculoskeletal imaging?
MRI
Dark gray on X-ray is usually what substance?
Fat
Light gray on X-ray is usually what substance?
Water
What are the four normal densities seen on X-ray?
Whitest = bone
Blackest = air
Dark gray = fat
Light gray = water
Does a dense, opaque area on X-ray appear as white or black?
White
Does a lucent area on X-ray appear as white or black?
Black
What does a dark gray fat pad near the posterior aspect of the olecranon process and distal humerus indicate?
Fracture
What is the official term of an X-ray examination without the use of contrast media?
Conventional plain film radiography
Who was the founder of the X-ray?
Wilhelm Roentgen (1895)
What was the first X-ray ever taken?
Mrs. Roentgen’s hand
What type of energy and wave are associated with the electromagnetic radiation of an X-ray?
High-energy, short-wave
Why must two views be taken when using X-ray imaging?
2D representation
What imaging system combines X-rays and computer to create cross sectional dial images of the human body?
CT (computerized tomography)
Who built the prototype for the first CT machine?
Godfrey Hounsfield
Wha type of radiation is used with a CT?
Gamma
What is the most common radioactive element used as a radioisotope for CT?
Technetium (low radiation dose & nontoxic)
Which form of imaging is a non-ionizing system that uses magnetic fields and radio frequencies to spatially analyze the magnetic spin properties of hydrogen nuclei?
MRI
The magnetic spin of the nuclei of what specific element is analyzed via MRI?
Hydrogen
What are the advantages of CT?
1 computer enhances soft tissue contrast
2 removes overlaying anatomy
What are the advantages of MRI?
1 does not employ ionizing radiation
2 true three dimensional imaging
What are the disadvantages of MRI?
1 high cost (about $1000 per region)
2 contraindications with some implants/artifacts
In which MRI manipulation do we see black CSF? White CSF?
T1 = black CSF T2 = white CSF
