Congenital Anomalies 2

Question 1

What is knife clasp syndrome?

Answer 1

Spina bifida at S1 with an enlarged L5 spinous process

Question 2

During what motion can knife clasp syndrome cause pain?

Answer 2

Extension

Question 3

On what film do we usually seen knife clasp syndrome?

Answer 3

A-P lumbopelvic

Question 4

The top of what segment is usually in line with the iliac crest?

Answer 4

L5

Question 5

What is the most common type of transitional vertebra?

Answer 5

Lumbosacral

Question 6

How common is a lumbosacral transitional vertebra?

Answer 6

COMMON (25%)

Question 7

What is more common: lumbarization of S1 or sacralization of L5?

Answer 7

Sacralization of L5 (17%)

Question 8

What is a common change seen with the transverse processes involving a lumbosacral transitional segment?

Answer 8

Spatulated, hyper plastic transverse processes

Question 9

What is the appearance of the IVD at an area of a lumbosacral transitional segment?

Answer 9

Hypoplastic

Question 10

What is the usual location for intervertebral disc hypoplasia?

Answer 10

L5

Question 11

Is intervertebral disc hypoplasia the same thing as a narrowed disc space due to degeneration?

Answer 11

NO

Question 12

What age group is more likely to have intervertebral disc hypoplasia?

Answer 12

Young patients (unlikely degeneration)

Question 13

What is the condition of facet asymmetry?

Answer 13

Facet tropism

Question 14

What plane do the L5 facets sit in normally?

Answer 14

Coronal (other lumbars are sagittal)

Question 15

What is the most common area for facet tropism?

Answer 15

L5/S1

Question 16

Is facet tropism directly associated with DDD or back pain?

Answer 16

Not clear

Question 17

What condition is the presence of extra bone seen by the acetabulum due to persistent growth centers?

Answer 17

Os acetabuli

Question 18

Oppenheimers ossicles are most commonly seen in wha area of the spine?

Answer 18

Lumbars

Question 19

What are Oppenheimer ossicles?

Answer 19

Accessory bone on the inferior articular process

Question 20

What are the 3 reasons for why a pedicle could be absent?

Answer 20

1 congenital
2 cancer (destroyed)
3 surgery

Question 21

When one pedicle is absent and the other becomes larger to compensate, what can be said about the cause of the absent pedicle?

Answer 21

Congenital in nature

Question 22

When one pedicle is absent and the other does NOT become larger to compensate, what can be said about the cause of the absent pedicle?

Answer 22

Either due to surgery or pathology

Question 23

What is the winking owl sign (Popel’s sign)?

Answer 23

Unilaterally absent pedicle

Question 24

What is the term for a persistent nutrient canal of a vertebral body?

Answer 24

Hahn’s cleft

Question 25

How does a Hahn's cleft change in appearance when seen in a long bone instead of a vertebra?

Answer 25

Runs obliquely

Question 26

What are the risk factors for developmental dysplasia of the hip?

Answer 26

``` 1 being female 2 left hip 3 breech position 4 family history 5 related to hip joint laxity ```

Question 27

What is the test done at birth to test for developmental hip dysplasia?

Answer 27

Barlow's/Ortolanis

Question 28

What is the significance of developmental hip dysplasia?

Answer 28

Late diagnosis may result in early OA

Question 29

What is Putti's triad?

Answer 29

1 superolateral displacement of proximal femur 2 increase in acetabular angle 3 small capital femoral epiphysis

Question 30

The acetabular angle should be less than how many degrees in females at birth?

Answer 30

30

Question 31

What are asymptomatic oval or round lucencies seen in the anterosuperior aspect of the femoral neck just distal to the articular surface?

Answer 31

Pitt's pit aka femoral herniation pits

Question 32

In what gender do we see a pronounced paraglenoid sulcus?

Answer 32

Females

Question 33

What causes the paraglenoid sulcus in females?

Answer 33

Resorption of the anterior sacroiliac ligament in response to stress

Question 34

What bone are most commonly involved in carpal coalition?

Answer 34

Lunate and triquetral

Question 35

Carpal coalition tends to be more common in what groups?

Answer 35

Women and Africans

Question 36

Relative shortness of the ulna compared to the radius is called what?

Answer 36

Negative ulnar variance

Question 37

In which condition is the triangular fibrocartilage larger: short or long ulna?

Answer 37

Short (negative ulnar variance)

Question 38

Which is more common: positive or negative ulnar variance?

Answer 38

Negative (short ulna)

Question 39

Which points toward the mid shaft and which points toward the joint: osteochondroma or supracondylar process?

Answer 39

Osteochondroma - mid shaft | Supracondylar process - toward joint

Question 40

What location of a bipartite patella is more likely to have the small part?

Answer 40

Superolateral

Question 41

Bipartite patellas are more common in what gender?

Answer 41

Males

Question 42

Are bipartite patellas usually uni- or bilateral?

Answer 42

Bilateral

Question 43

Where is the fabella located?

Answer 43

Lateral head of gastrocnemius

Question 44

What are the lines of increased bone density called that develop due to growth arrest during times of serious illness?

Answer 44

Harris/growth arrest lines

Question 45

What is the term for the accessory ossicle located posterior to the talus?

Answer 45

Os trigonum

Question 46

What is the term for the accessory ossicle located on the medial side of the navicular?

Answer 46

Os tibiale externum

Question 47

What is the term for the accessory ossicle located on the proximal dorsal side of the navicular?

Answer 47

Os supranaviculare

Question 48

What is the term for the accessory ossicle located at the base of the 5th metatarsal?

Answer 48

Os peroneum

Question 49

What is the term for the accessory ossicle located between metatarsal bones?

Answer 49

Os intermetatarseum

Question 50

What are the most common types of tarsal coalition?

Answer 50

Talocalcaneal and calcaneonavicular

Question 51

What gender is more likely to have tarsal coalition?

Answer 51

Males

Question 52

Tarsal coalition can have what effect on the arches of the foot?

Answer 52

Lead to flat feet

Question 53

What is eagle syndrome?

Answer 53

Neck pain due to stylohyoid ligament ossificiation

Question 54

Which gender presents with outer edge rib calcification? Central?

Answer 54

Outer edge = males | Center = females

Question 55

What structure can become calcified as the dura in between the cerebral hemispheres?

Answer 55

Falx cerebri

Question 56

At what age is a pineal gland calcification considered abnormal and clinically significant?

Answer 56

Under the age of 6 (in 50% of those over 17)

Question 57

Pineal gland calcifications should not exceed what size?

Answer 57

10mm (great than 1cm might indicate tumor)

Question 58

Phleboliths in what location of the pelvis are considered clinically significant?

Answer 58

Midline of pelvic outlet

Question 59

Where are clinically INsignificant phelboliths usually found in the pelvis?

Answer 59

Lower parts and more often on the left side

Question 60

What are lymph node calcifications usually a remnant of?

Answer 60

Prior infection like TB, cocccidiomycosis, or histoplasmosis (now healed)

Question 61

Horizontal ribs are a feature seen with what condition?

Answer 61

Pectus excavatum