Congenital Anomalies 2 Flashcards
What is knife clasp syndrome?
Spina bifida at S1 with an enlarged L5 spinous process
During what motion can knife clasp syndrome cause pain?
Extension
On what film do we usually seen knife clasp syndrome?
A-P lumbopelvic
The top of what segment is usually in line with the iliac crest?
L5
What is the most common type of transitional vertebra?
Lumbosacral
How common is a lumbosacral transitional vertebra?
COMMON (25%)
What is more common: lumbarization of S1 or sacralization of L5?
Sacralization of L5 (17%)
What is a common change seen with the transverse processes involving a lumbosacral transitional segment?
Spatulated, hyper plastic transverse processes
What is the appearance of the IVD at an area of a lumbosacral transitional segment?
Hypoplastic
What is the usual location for intervertebral disc hypoplasia?
L5
Is intervertebral disc hypoplasia the same thing as a narrowed disc space due to degeneration?
NO
What age group is more likely to have intervertebral disc hypoplasia?
Young patients (unlikely degeneration)
What is the condition of facet asymmetry?
Facet tropism
What plane do the L5 facets sit in normally?
Coronal (other lumbars are sagittal)
What is the most common area for facet tropism?
L5/S1
Is facet tropism directly associated with DDD or back pain?
Not clear
What condition is the presence of extra bone seen by the acetabulum due to persistent growth centers?
Os acetabuli
Oppenheimers ossicles are most commonly seen in wha area of the spine?
Lumbars
What are Oppenheimer ossicles?
Accessory bone on the inferior articular process
What are the 3 reasons for why a pedicle could be absent?
1 congenital
2 cancer (destroyed)
3 surgery
When one pedicle is absent and the other becomes larger to compensate, what can be said about the cause of the absent pedicle?
Congenital in nature
When one pedicle is absent and the other does NOT become larger to compensate, what can be said about the cause of the absent pedicle?
Either due to surgery or pathology
What is the winking owl sign (Popel’s sign)?
Unilaterally absent pedicle
What is the term for a persistent nutrient canal of a vertebral body?
Hahn’s cleft
How does a Hahn’s cleft change in appearance when seen in a long bone instead of a vertebra?
Runs obliquely
What are the risk factors for developmental dysplasia of the hip?
1 being female 2 left hip 3 breech position 4 family history 5 related to hip joint laxity
What is the test done at birth to test for developmental hip dysplasia?
Barlow’s/Ortolanis
What is the significance of developmental hip dysplasia?
Late diagnosis may result in early OA
What is Putti’s triad?
1 superolateral displacement of proximal femur
2 increase in acetabular angle
3 small capital femoral epiphysis
The acetabular angle should be less than how many degrees in females at birth?
30
What are asymptomatic oval or round lucencies seen in the anterosuperior aspect of the femoral neck just distal to the articular surface?
Pitt’s pit aka femoral herniation pits
In what gender do we see a pronounced paraglenoid sulcus?
Females
What causes the paraglenoid sulcus in females?
Resorption of the anterior sacroiliac ligament in response to stress
What bone are most commonly involved in carpal coalition?
Lunate and triquetral
Carpal coalition tends to be more common in what groups?
Women and Africans
Relative shortness of the ulna compared to the radius is called what?
Negative ulnar variance
In which condition is the triangular fibrocartilage larger: short or long ulna?
Short (negative ulnar variance)
Which is more common: positive or negative ulnar variance?
Negative (short ulna)
Which points toward the mid shaft and which points toward the joint: osteochondroma or supracondylar process?
Osteochondroma - mid shaft
Supracondylar process - toward joint
What location of a bipartite patella is more likely to have the small part?
Superolateral
Bipartite patellas are more common in what gender?
Males
Are bipartite patellas usually uni- or bilateral?
Bilateral
Where is the fabella located?
Lateral head of gastrocnemius
What are the lines of increased bone density called that develop due to growth arrest during times of serious illness?
Harris/growth arrest lines
What is the term for the accessory ossicle located posterior to the talus?
Os trigonum
What is the term for the accessory ossicle located on the medial side of the navicular?
Os tibiale externum
What is the term for the accessory ossicle located on the proximal dorsal side of the navicular?
Os supranaviculare
What is the term for the accessory ossicle located at the base of the 5th metatarsal?
Os peroneum
What is the term for the accessory ossicle located between metatarsal bones?
Os intermetatarseum
What are the most common types of tarsal coalition?
Talocalcaneal and calcaneonavicular
What gender is more likely to have tarsal coalition?
Males
Tarsal coalition can have what effect on the arches of the foot?
Lead to flat feet
What is eagle syndrome?
Neck pain due to stylohyoid ligament ossificiation
Which gender presents with outer edge rib calcification? Central?
Outer edge = males
Center = females
What structure can become calcified as the dura in between the cerebral hemispheres?
Falx cerebri
At what age is a pineal gland calcification considered abnormal and clinically significant?
Under the age of 6 (in 50% of those over 17)
Pineal gland calcifications should not exceed what size?
10mm (great than 1cm might indicate tumor)
Phleboliths in what location of the pelvis are considered clinically significant?
Midline of pelvic outlet
Where are clinically INsignificant phelboliths usually found in the pelvis?
Lower parts and more often on the left side
What are lymph node calcifications usually a remnant of?
Prior infection like TB, cocccidiomycosis, or histoplasmosis (now healed)
Horizontal ribs are a feature seen with what condition?
Pectus excavatum
