INTRO: ROCKS & MINERALS Flashcards

1
Q

Name two types of isotopes

A

Radioactive and Stable (Non-Radio Active)

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2
Q

A stable configuration occurs when a valence shell contains…

A

Eight Electrons

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3
Q

There are three main types of chemical bonds:

A

Ionic, Covalent, Metallic

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4
Q

Ionic Bonds:

A

transfer electrons between atoms

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5
Q

Covalent Bonds:

A

share electrons between atoms

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6
Q

Metallic Bonds:

A

valence electrons move freely among atoms

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7
Q

Diamond consists…

A

entirely of carbon atoms united by covalent bonds in a tetrahedral
structure with a repeating pattern of 8 atoms

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8
Q

Crystal lattice:

A

The 3-D molecular structure of a mineral;

its configuration reflects relative sizes and
numbers of ions that make up the mineral

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9
Q

To form a stable compound, the ions must have:

A

1) their ionic charges be in balance, and
2) right size to allow them to fit together

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10
Q

Cation Substitution:

A

Cations of similar size and charges tend to substitute for one
another in the crystal lattice and can form compounds having the same crystal
structure but different chemical composition

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11
Q

Definition of a mineral:

A

In geology, a mineral is a naturally occurring, inorganic solid, with a crystalline structure
and definite chemical composition formed by geological processes

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12
Q

Characteristics of a Mineral:

A
  1. naturally occurring
  2. inorganic
  3. solid
  4. characteristic crystalline structure
  5. definite chemical composition
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13
Q

Crystalline solid

A

Minerals exhibit an ordered internal structure in which in which the atoms are
arranged in a regular, repeating pattern

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14
Q

Chemical composition of a mineral and the way in which atoms are bonded
determines:

A
  1. Mineral shape and appearance
  2. Mineral hardness
  3. The way in which a mineral breaks, also known as cleavage or fracture
  4. The specific gravity or weight of a mineral
  5. Optical properties such as color, luster, or diaphaneity
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15
Q

There are three types of diaphaneity:

A

*Transparent minerals transmit light freely
*Translucent minerals transmit light although it maybe hard to see through them
*Opaque minerals do not transmit light at all and appear solid

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16
Q

Three Main Types of Lustre:

A
  1. Metallic luster: appearance of polished metal
  2. Non-metallic luster: does not look like metal
  3. Sub-metallic luster: somewhat metallic without a polished sheen
17
Q

Moh’s scale of hardness:

A

Relative scale of hardness
Softest (1) talc – hardest (10) diamond

18
Q

Cleavage is described by:

A
  • Number of planes
  • Angles between adjacent planes
  • Constant for a particular mineral
19
Q

Fracture:

A
  • Some minerals break unevenly (fracture) and do not exhibit cleavage
    – Smooth, curved surfaces when minerals break in a glass-like manner:
    conchoidal fracture
    – Others include fibrous and rough fracture (asbestos)
20
Q

Silicates

A
  • Silicates are the most abundant group of minerals in the crust and mantle;
  • They contain silicon bonded to an oxygen
    in a unit structure known as the
    silica tetrahedron;

– 4 oxygen atoms (-8) surround a much smaller silicon atom (+4)

  • Most silicate minerals form at high temperatures
21
Q

How tetrahedra may be linked:

A
  • independent tetrahedra (olivine, garnet)
  • single chains (pyroxene group)
  • double chains (amphibole group)
  • Sheets (mica group)
  • Framework (feldspars and quartz)
22
Q

Feldspar groups:

A
  1. Alkali feldspars

(potassium or K-spar)
* Orthoclase, sanidine, microcline, anorthoclase

  1. Plagioclase feldspars

(solid solutions between Na and Ca)
* Albite (Na) to Anorthite (Ca)

23
Q

Non-Silicates:

A

– Carbonates
– Sulfates
– Sulfides
– Halides
– Oxides
– Native elements

24
Q

Carbonate Minerals

A

Unlike silicates, most carbonates form at low temperatures near the Earth’s
surface – precipitated from solution in shallow seas or from groundwater

Prominent carbonate rocks include limestone and dolostone

25
Sulfate Minerals
Formed at low temperatures near the earth’s surface mainly through evaporation of groundwater, lake, or ocean waters
26
Types of Sulfate Minerals:
Gypsum is a common sulfate mineral: – Does not react with HCl – Hardness of 2 (Moh’s Scale) easily scratched with fingernail Alabaster: fine-grained, massive gypsum Plaster of Paris: powdered form of calcium sulfate. When water is added it forms a gypsum cement Sulfide minerals are major ores of lead, zinc, copper, and molybdenum
27
Iron Oxides
Iron oxides form a small percentage of rocks They are important ore bodies: – magnetite (black streak and magnetic) – hematite (rusty streak and not magnetic)
28
Halide Minerals
Halides have anions of the halogen elements (fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine). – Halides are made of ionic bonds – Form as mineral-rich waters evaporated – Halite (sodium chloride - NaCl) is salt – Sylvite (potassium chloride - KCl) is a potassium salt (potash)
29
Native Elements
* Minerals of a single element – Gold, Silver, Copper, Sulphur
30
Rock:
Consolidated solid material comprised of aggregates of one or more minerals or solidified organic material. Most rocks consist of more than one mineral, for example granite = quartz, feldspar, mica, and hornblende. Some rocks are composed of only one mineral, for example limestone formed from coral reefs (calcite).
31
Three fundamental rock types that reflect their origin and processes of formation:
1. Igneous, 2. Sedimentary 3. Metamorphic
32
Igneous rocks:
are derived from the cooling and crystallization of molten rock
33
Intrusive (Plutonic)
magma emplaced at depth
34
Extrusive (Volcanic)
lava extruded at surface
35
Sedimentary rocks:
are formed from the weathered remnants of pre-existing rock (sediment) that has been compacted or cemented (i.e., process of lithification) or from minerals precipitated from water by chemical or biological processes
36
Metamorphic rocks:
are formed by the transformation of pre-existing rock by: * high temperature, * high pressure, and * chemically active fluids.