Intro: Review of Psych Flashcards
Definition: situations that cause marked distress to individual, and/or severe disruption of personal, social, and occupational functioning
Mental illness
True or false: Socially deviant behavior and conflicts that are primarily between individual and society are NOT mental disorders
True (unless the deviance or conflict results from a dysfunction in the individual)
Definition: ability to mange, self-regulate, and control conditions that lead to stress
resilience
What factors foster resilience?
Supportive, Cohesive family External support systems Intelligence Hardiness (strong genetic endowment) Autonomy (risk taking with a safety net) Positive social orientation.
What is a risk factor for lack of resilience?
growing up in chaos
Definition: normal reaction caused by disrupted attachment with fluctuating arousal, protest, agitation, withdrawal, agression and eventual reorganization of behavior
normal grief
Definition: feelings of intense guilt, prolonged anhedonia, inability to find any meaning in life, and suicidal ideation
complicated grief
Definition: grief that occurs before a death or occurrence has actually happened (addressed by palliative care)
anticipatory grief
Definition: form of patterned maladaption in circumstances that overwhelm normal coping (feel trapped, experience subjective incompetence, and believe they cannot master what troubles them)
demoralizaiton
Who gets demoralization?
Especially common with serious chronic medical disorders.
How do you help a demoralized patient?
giving the person more control of their situation and treating aversive symptoms
What is the difference between mood and affect?
Mood is subjective (reported by patient); Affect is how the emotional state comes across to the observer
Definition: preoccupation with distressing thoughts as seen in depression and anxiety
rumination
Definition: unwanted concerns, ideas, images or impulses intruding into consciousness
obsessions
Definition: false beliefs foreign to the individual’s sociocultural or religious background that persist despite evidence to the contrary
deulsions
Definition: thought form with wandering from a topic
tangentiality
Definition: thought form with providing excessive detail
circumstantiality
Definition: thought form with “loose associations” with complete loss of logical connectedness
derailment
Definition: thought form with inability to move from one idea to the next
perseveration
Definition: perceptions that are misinterpreted
illusions
Definition: sensory experiences that occur without external stimulation
hallucinations
Who has a developmental theory of Intellectual Development?
Piaget
Who has a developmental theory of Psychosexual Development?
Freud
Who has a developmental theory of Psychosocial Development?
Erickson
Who has a developmental theory of Moral Development?
Kohlberg
According to Piaget, children are born with what 2 cognitive functions?
organizational ability
adaptive ability
What two strategies are used by children to make sense of the evironment?
Assimilation
Accommodation
What is assimilation?
experiences are interpreted and acted upon within the framework of an existing schema (ex. if it can fit in mouth, it can be eaten)
What is accommodation?
schemas are altered to fit disconfirming experiences that cause disequilibrium between cognitive understanding and external reality (ex. a thumb in my mouth does not provide food)
What are the 4 major stages of cognitive development? What ages?
Sensorimotor Stage (birth to 2)
Preoperational Stage (2-7)
Concrete Operational Stage (7-12)
Formal Operational Stage (12-adulthood)
What kind of thinking occurs in the sensorimotor stage?
Preverbal; progress from inborn reflexive actions to combining acts to solve simple problems
What kind of thinking occurs in the preoperational stage?
Prelogical; children learn to use language and symbols (semiotic functioning), problem solving is intuitive rather than logical/rational, and analytic thinking poorly developed
What kind of thinking occurs in the concrete operational stage?
Logical; child is able to conceptualize world from an external point of view, can only solve problem if elements are physically present
What kind of thinking occurs in the formal operational stage?
Abstract; comprehension of purely abstract or symbolic content; development of advanced logical operations
What specific “skill” occurs in sensorimotor stage?
object permanence
When do children develop compensation? What is a specific example of this?
- Concrete operational stage (7)
- Compensation is ability to consider multiple dimensions of problems 9ex. understanding law of conservation)
What is transivity? When does it develop?
mental arrangement of dimensions of objects (develops in concrete operational)
When does hypothesis formation occur?
formal operational stage
What is seriation? When does it develop?
appreciation of relationships in serial order (develops in concrete operational)
What are the 5 Freudal stages of Psychosexual development? What ages?
- Oral stage (birth-1)
- Anal stage (1-3)
- Phallic Stage (3-6)
- Latency Stage (6-puberty)
- Genital Stage (puberty to adulthood)
What are characteristics of oral stage?
Libidal energy concentrated in mouth, lips and tongue (infant’s need to take in nutrition)
What are characteristics of anal stage?
Libidal energy concentrated in anal sphincter and bladder (toilet training demands)
What are characteristics of phallic stage?
Awareness of male-female differences, pleasure from masturbation, Oedipal conflict
What are characteristics of latency stage?
Sexual strivings largely suppressed, libidal energy channeled to socially acceptable behaviors (study, sports, etc.)
What are characteristics of genital stage?
Reinvestment of libidal energy in sex organs, physiological maturation
What are characteristics of fixation in the oral stage?
Excessive smoking, eating, craving social contact
What are characteristics of fixation in the anal stage?
Excessive orderliness or obstinate, retentive behaviors
What are characteristics of fixation in the phallic stage?
Difficulties with sexual relationships
What is the underlying goal in the genital stage?
to reproduce through sexual relationship
According to Erikson, what happens from birth to 1 yo?
Basic Trust should develop
What happens if basic trust does not develop?
relationships are too disappointing or dangerous to rely upon
According to Erikson, what happens from 1-3 yo?
autonomy should develop (independence in rudimentary aspects of living)
What happens if autonomy does not develop?
self doubt
According to Erikson, what happens from 3-6?
initiative (mastery over environment, balance desires of self and others, set internal limits)
What happens if initiative doesn’t develop?
can lead to conflicts with others (parents) producing guilt
According to Erikson, what happens from 6-12?
industry (learning to meet school and social demands)
What happens if industry does not develop?
feelings of inequality, inferiority, and worthlessness
According to Erikson, what happens from 12-20?
identity (establish sense of self and a physical, sexual and vocational being)
What happens if identity does not develop?
Failure leads to indecision, vacillation, sense of purposelessness
According to Erikson, what happens from 20-40?
Intimacy (moves from self-centered focus to affiliation and partnership with others)
What happens if intimacy does not develop?
isolation (loneliness, if you do not develop intimate relationships)
According to Erikson, what happens from 65-death?
ego integrity (acceptance of one’s life with successes and failures)
What happens if ego integrity does not develop?
hopelessness and despair
What are the 3 basic levels of morality?
- Preconvential (premoral) (0-2)
- Conventional (moral) (2-12)
- Postconvential (principled) (12+)
What drives behavior during Kohlberg’s preconvential stage?
Punishment-obedience: basis of moral judgment based on consequences (reward or punishment) and conformity to imposed rules
What drives behavior during Kohlberg’s conventional phase (from 2-6 years old)?
Instrumental-relavistic (satisify own needs)
Good-Boy/Nice girl (desire to please others)
What drives behavior during Kohlberg’s conventional phase (from 6-12 years old)?
law and order (basis of moral judgment based on principles, rights, values)
What drives behavior during Kohlberg’s postconventional phase (12+)?
Social contract (legalistic) Universal (ethical-principled)
What is the Yerkes-Dodson Law?
performance and adaptive learning are optimal under moderate rather than either high or low stress (arousal) conditions.
According to Yerkes-Dodson Law, when is learning of new or difficult tasks optimal?
low/moderate stress conditions
According to Yerkes-Dodson law, when is performance of well-learned tasks optimal?
high stress conditions
Chronic stress leads to persistent activation of what brain portion?
amygdala
