Intro, Overview & Etiology

Question 1

Acquired Brain Injury

Answer 1

Injury to the brain that is not heredity, congenital, degenerative or induced by birth trauma

Question 2

2 types of ABI

Answer 2

Traumatic & Non-Traumatic

Question 3

Traumatic Brain Injury

Answer 3

alteration in brain function or other evidence of brain pathology caused by an external force

Question 4

Traumatic Impact

Answer 4

injuries resulting from contact; either the head is struck by or against an object

Question 5

2 subcategories of impact injuries

Answer 5

open (penetrating) or closed (non-penetrating)

Question 6

Closed Injuries

Answer 6

cause brain lacerations, contusions, intracerebral hemorrhage within the brain causing focal injuries

Question 7

Coup-countrecoup

Answer 7

closed-head injury resulting from a blow to the head; initial contusion occurring directly beneath point of impact (coup) & then occurs to contralateral side to the site of impact (countercoup)

Question 8

Diffuse Axonal Injury (DIA)

Answer 8

Classified as a closed injury resulting from tearing or shearing of axons; common when rotational or angular forces are applied

Question 9

Open Injuries

Answer 9

Breach of skull or meninges; these injuries often result from focal injuries (such as epidural/subdermal hematoma or intracerebral hemorrhage)

Question 10

Complications with open/penetrating injuries

Answer 10

secondary infections 2* skull/meningeal breach

Question 11

Traumatic Inertial Injuries

Answer 11

non-impact injuries, resulting from inertial forces

Acceleration-deceleration forces

Question 12

Non-Traumatic Brain Injury

Answer 12

damage to the brain caused by internal factors such as lack of oxygen or nutrients to the nerve cells of the brain, exposure to toxins, pressure of a tumor, blockage or other neurological disorders

Question 13

Incidence

Answer 13

refers to the rate or range of occurrence in regards to the injury;
Ex. a certain number of brain injuries occur within a year

Question 14

Prevalence

Answer 14

refers to the number of people with a given condition at a specific point in time

Question 15

Mild TBI

Answer 15

can have either brief or no LOC; presentation may include vomiting, lethargy, dizziness & inability to recall what happened

Question 16

Severe TBI

Answer 16

marked by a period of LOC of 24 hrs or greater

Question 17

Moderate TBI

Answer 17

marked by unconsciousness for any period of time up to 24 hrs; will have neurological signs of brain trauma including skull fractures /c contusion or bleeding & may have focal findings on an EEG or CT scan

Question 18

Concussion

Answer 18

Mild TBI caused by a bump, blow or jolt to the head; may or may not involve LOC.

Can result in memory loss for events immediately before/after trauma

Can result in local neurological; deficits that may or may not be transient

Question 19

Screening Tools

Answer 19

Acute Concussion Evaluation (ACE) - brief/general

HELPS Tool - brief/general

ImPACT: lengthy/comprehensive; commonly used /c athletes suspected of concussion

WARCAT - Warrior Administered Retrospective Casualty Assessment Tool: screening tool used by military

TBIQ - Traumatic Brain Injury Questionnaire developed to assess history of head injury among offenders involved in criminal justice system

Question 20

Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy (CTE)

Answer 20

common in contact sports /c repetitive brain trauma; typically begins slowly /c deterioration in concentration, attention, memory , judgement & insight, usually accompanied /c dizziness & headaches.

Question 21

Dementia Puglistica

Answer 21

another term for CTE in the medical field

Question 22

Severe cases of CTE

Answer 22

symptoms of Parkinsonism, including disturbed coordination, slowed gait, slurred speech & masked faces, difficulty swallowing & tremors

Question 23

Persistent Post-Concussion Syndrome

Answer 23

10-15% of those who sustain mTBI have a slow or incomplete resolution of symptoms