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Neuro Muscular Psych Block 2 > Intro Neuropathology > Flashcards

Intro Neuropathology Flashcards

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1
Q

Acute Neuronal Injury

Timeline, Characteristic Cell with Features (3)

A

12-24 hours

Red Neurons

Intense Cytoplasmic Eosinophilia
Pyknosis
Cell Body Shrinkage

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2
Q 
Subacute and Chronic Neuronal Injury
Associated Diseases (3) and Damage Characteristics (3)
A

Progressive, Degenerative Diseases
ALS
Alzheimer’s

Cell Loss
Reactive gliosis
Apoptosis

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3
Q

Axonal Reaction

Description, Characteristic Morphology

A

Increased protein synthesis associated with axonal sprouting

Central Chromatolysis: Nissl moved to periphery

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4
Q

Neuronal Inclusions
Intracytoplasmic and Intranuclear
Descriptions with Examples (4/2)

A

Intracytoplasmic
Lipofuscin granules
Rabies, Alzheimer’s, Parkinson, CJD

Intranuclear
Herpes Cowdry Bodies
CMV (both nuclear and cytoplasmic)

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5
Q

Gliosis

Characteristics (2) and Cause

A

Hypertrophy and Hyperplasia of astrocytes

CNS injury, regardless of the cause

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6
Q 
Gemistocytes vs Rosenthal Fibers vs Corpora Amylacea
Characteristic Descriptions (2/3/3)
A

Gemistocytes
Enlarged nuclei with bright pink cytoplasm

Rosenthal Fibers
Thick, elongated eosinophilic structures
In areas of longstanding gliosis
Contain heat shock proteins

Corpora Amylacea
PAS (+)
Basophilic with concentric laminations

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7
Q 
Microglia
Surface Markers (2) and Injury Responses (2)
A

CR3
CD68

Microglial Nodules: necrosis
Neuronophagia: dying neurons

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8
Q

Cerebral Edema
Main Clinical Correlation
Types with Descriptions
Vasogenic (3) Cytotoxic (2)

A

Can cause Herniation syndromes

Vasogenic:
Increased Extracellular fluid
From BBB disruption or vascular permeability
Follows ischemic injury

Cytotoxic:
Increased Intracellular fluid
From cell membrane injury

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9
Q

Hydrocephalus

Definition, Main Type Descriptions (2)

A

Accumulation of CSF with ventricular system

Non-Communicating
Unilateral due to no connection between ventricles and subarachnoid space

Communicating
Symmetrical enlargement of ventricles seen from dural sinuses not absorbing CSF

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10
Q

Hydrocephalus ex Vacuo

Description, Etiologies (3) and CSF Pressure

A

Dilation of ventricles secondary to loss of parenchymal tissue

Brain Atrophy with age
Stroke
Neurodegenerative diseases

CSF pressure is normal

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11
Q

Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus

Cause, Clinical Triad

A

Blocked CSF drainage

Urinary incontinence
Gait disturbance
Dementia

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12
Q

Herniation

Etiology, Types (3) with Defects

A

Increased intracranial pressure beyond the ability of the venous system to compensate

Subfalcine
Transtentorial: CN3 compression
Tonsillar: Respiratory and Cardiac center compression

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13
Q

Kernohan’s Notch Phenomenon

Etiology (2) Clinical Features (3)

A

Transtentorial herniation causing compression of cerebral peduncle

Compression of contralateral CN III causes ipsilateral hemiplegia
Compresses CN VI causing diplopia
Compression of contralateral cerebellum causes ipsilateral hemiparesis

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14
Q

Duret Hemorrhage

Etiology and Description (2)

A

Transtentorial herniation

Hemorrhagic lesions of midbrain and pons

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15
Q

Neural Tube Defects

Etiology, Types with Descriptions (3)

A

Folate deficiency prior to 28 days gestation

Myelomeningocele: cyst with CNS tissue and meninges
Encephalocele: brain tissue forming cyst near nose
Anencephaly: absence of brain and calvarium

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16
Q 
Myelomeningocele
Clinical Features (3)
A

Motor and sensory defects in LE
Bladder and bowel defects
Infection susceptibility

17
Q

Forebrain Anomalies
Etiology, Types with Descriptions
Microcephaly (3) Lisencephaly, Polymicrogyria, Neuronal Hetertopias (2) Holoprosencephaly, Corpus Callosum Agenesis

A

Abnormalities in the generation and migration of neurons

Microcephaly: From fetal alcohol syndrome, HIV and Zika Virus

Lisencephaly: absence or decrease in gyri

Polymicrogyria: entrapment of meningeal tissue

Neuronal Heterotopias: collections of neurons in inappropriate places, associated with Epilepsy

Holoprosencephaly: incomplete separation of cerebral hemispheres, causes Cyclopia

Corpus Callosum Agenesis: causes bat wing lateral ventricles

18
Q

Posterior Fossa Anomalies Descriptions

Arnold-Chiari (3) Dandy-Walker (3)

A

Arnold Chiari Malformation
Small posterior fossa
Extension of vermis through foramen magnum
Seen with myelomeningoceles commonly

Dandy-Walker Malformation
Enlarged posterior fossa
Large roofless 4th ventricle
Absent cerebellar vermis

19
Q

Syringomyelia

Description and Clinical Feature (2)

A

Fluid filled cleft-like cavity in inner portion of spinal cord

Upper extremity loss of pain and temperature sensation

20
Q 
Perinatal Brain Injuries Descriptions 
Cerebral Palsy (4), Intraparenchymal Hemorrhage, Periventricular Leukomalacia, Multicystic Encephalopathy (2) Ulegyria (2)
A

Cerebral Palsy: Spasticity, Dystonia, Ataxia, Athetosis

Intraparenchymal Hemorrhage: In Germinal matrix

Periventricular Leukomalacia: chalky plaques of supratentorial white matter hemorrhage

Multicystic Encephalopathy: cystic lesions of white and gray matter, symmetric hydrocephalus

Ulegyria: ischemic lesions deep in gyri, thin gliotic gyri

21
Q

Skull Fractures Features

Diastatic, Displaced, Basal Skull (3)

A

Diastatic: Crosses suture

Displaced: Depression in skull

Basilar Skull: Raccoon eyes, Battle’s sign, CSF drainage from ear/nose

22
Q

Contusion

Definition and Terminology (3)

A

wedge shaped parenchymal damage with broad base at point of impact

Coup: contusion at point of impact
Contrecoup: contusion opposite impact from deceleration
Plaque Jaune: old trauma lesions

23
Q

Diffuse Axonal Injury

Description (2), Etiology (2) Diagnostic Stains (3)

A

Axonal swelling, +/- Focal Hemorrhagic necrosis

Direct action of mechanical forces, even just angular acceleration
Shaken baby

Silver stain
Amyloid Precursor Protein
Alpha Synuclein

24
Q

Traumatic Brain Injury

Description (2), Etiologies (4), Clinical Features (2)

A

Damage to brain caused by external mechanical force
Structure damage may not be detected

Acceleration
Deceleration
Impact
Blast waves

Diminished/altered state of consciousness with injury
Brain function temporarily or permanently impaired

25
Q

Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy

Description, Neuropathology and Symptoms (4)

A

Brain diseases associated with repeated TBI’s

Neurofibrillary tangles of tau proteins
Depigmentation of substantia nigra

Behavior/mood changes
Memory loss
Cognitive impairment
Dementia

26
Q

Epidural Hematoma

Etiology (2), Blood Supply and Symptoms

A

Skull fracture, dura peeled off skull

Middle Meningeal Artery

Rapidly evolving neurologic symtpoms

27
Q

Subdural Hematoma

Etiology, Blood Supply, Symptom

A

Mild Trauma

Venous blood

Delayed slowly evolving neurologic symptoms

28
Q

Subarachnoid Hemorrhage

Etiology (2), Symptoms (2)

A

Vascular problems: AVM or aneurysm

Sudden onset, thunderclap, worst headache of life
Rapid neurologic deterioration

Neuro Muscular Psych Block 2 (7 decks)

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