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Intro Neurological Comm Disorders SLPA 4721 Mathews UWG > Intro Neurological Comm disorder study guide > Flashcards

Intro Neurological Comm disorder study guide Flashcards

1
Q

Types of Neurogenic Disorders

A
  • The Aphasia
    - The Dysarthria
    - Apraxia of speech
    - Right Hemisphere Disorders
    - Dementia
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2
Q

Types of treatment settings

A
  • Rehab (Acute care)
  • Home Health
  • private Practice
  • Assistant living (skilled nursing)
  • School
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3
Q

Differentiation between speech, language, and cognition

A 
Cognition
-Ability to process thought 
Speech
-Sounds the mouth makes to produce words
Language
-Symbol set used to communicate meaning
-usually verbal, written, or sign
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4
Q

Types of cognitive skill

A

Attention, Cognition, Memory
Cognition
Arousal
Orientation (Why who where)
Problem Solving (what the problem is and how to solve it)
Interference ( interfere)
Executive Functioning (Plan and initiate)

Attention
-vigilance (focused attention)
Sustained attention
-Selective attention
-Alternating attention
-Divided attention

Memory
Working Memory
Short-term Memory
Long-Term Memory
Procedural Memory (remembering steps) sequence actions to accomplish a task
Declarative Memory (recalling facts)
Episodic Memory (Memory episodes that recur in the past)

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5
Q

Changes in speech, language, and cognition in health aging versus with a neurogenic disorder

A 
Healthy Aging: Changes in Cognition 
Remains intact
-Orientation
-Sustained attention
- Divided attention for basic tasks
-Long term memory
-Procedural Memory
-Executive functions for ADLs
Shows slight non pathological decline
-Selective attention
-Divided attention for complex tasks
-Short-term memory
-Episodic memory
-Declarative memory
-Working memory

Healthy Aging : Changes in Language
Remains intact
-Processing of functional verbal language
-Overall Comprehension
Shows slight non pathological decline
-Processing of verbal language slows through remains entirely functional
-Reading slows through remains entirely functional
-Word finding of proper names and confrontational naming

Healthy Aging: Changes in Speech
Speech remains typical and voice characteristics change
-voice gets deeper during aging

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6
Q

what is White matter

A
  • Axons of neurons covered in a white sheath of a protein and fatty substance called myelin
  • Myelin insulates the axons of neurons to allow electrical impulses to be conducted(~100 meters/second)
  • Connects different areas/structures of the nervous system to one another and allows them to communication
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7
Q

Types of fiber tract

A

Association Fibers- Connects different structures/areas within a single cerebral hemisphere

Commissural fibers- Connects analogous areas between two cerebral hemisphere

Projection fibers-Project from the brain to the spinal cord Transmit motor movements from CNS to PNS
Transmit sensory signals from PNS to C

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8
Q

What is grey matter

A

Unmyelinated neurons
Processes and regulates information in the CNS
Found in the cortex, cerebellum, thalamus, basal ganglia, and spinal cord

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9
Q

What are Cerebral meninges

A

Meningeal linings of cerebrum

Dura, pia, and arachnoid mater

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10
Q

What are the functions of Cerebral meninges

A

Support neural and vascular tissue
Protect and nurture CNS structure
Support the brain

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11
Q

Left hemisphere function

A

Left Braid function logic, math/ science/ language, reading. writing

  • Uses logic
  • “Detail” oriented
  • Facts rule
  • Word and Language
  • Math and Science
  • Can comprehend
  • Acknowledges
  • Order/Pattern perception
  • Knows object name
  • Reality based; practical
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12
Q

Primary cortices location

A

Frontal lobe

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13
Q

What is primary auditory cortex

A

process auditory information

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14
Q

Primary auditory cortex location

A

temporal lobe

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15
Q

Between the brain and the skull are three layers known as

A

-Meninges

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16
Q

The cerebellum operates to

A
  • Monitor body movements for errors and integrate movements into one another
  • problems with gate and speech ATAXIA
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17
Q

White matter fiber tracts

A

Projection fibers -brain to spinal cord
Commissural fibers- connects areas between the two hemispheres
Association fibers- connects structures within the same hemisphere

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18
Q

Upper motor neurons can be located in the cortex

true of false

A

true

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19
Q

The ____ cortex is involved in the planning, control, an execution of voluntary movements

A
  • Motor
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20
Q

Key to the comprehension of written and spoken language is ____ area

A

-Wernickes

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21
Q

The spinal cord is continuous with the

A

medulla

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22
Q

There are 31 single spinal nerves

True or False

A

False

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23
Q

The spinal cord is the communication highway between the brain and the body and it is also involved in reflexes
True or False

A

True

24
Q

-ventral roots carries ____ motor information

A

efferent

25
Q

-Dorsal door carries ____ sensory information

A

Afferent

26
Q

Right hemisphere Function

A

Personality, creativity, intuition, music, art

  • Uses feelings
  • Big Picture oriented
  • Imagination rules
  • Symbols and images
  • Philosophy and religion
  • Can “get it”
  • Appreciates
  • Spatial perception
  • Knows object functions
  • Fantasy based impetuous
27
Q

Difference between CNS and PNS

A

Central nervous system contains the brain and the spinal cord
Everything else but the CNS is called the peripheral Nervous system
PNS contains the nerves which leaves the brain and the spinal cords and travel to certain areas of the body

28
Q

Functions of the Brain Stem

A

Connects the spinal cord to the brain

29
Q

Functions of the Cerebellum

A

Works as an error control device to detect and correct errors in motor plans

Makes sure body movements are coordinated and free of errors

Monitors the intent of motor plans and compares them to what the body is actually doing–If there is an error, cerebellum alters the force, timing, and sequencing of muscle contractions

30
Q

Functions of the Thalamus

A

Functions, in part, as a sensory relay station

Receives afferent sensory information being transmitted from body (except olfaction) and directs it to the appropriate part of the brain for processing

Receives the motor plans the cerebellum has checked for errors and sends the refined plans for motor execution

31
Q

Function of the basal ganglia

A

Plays a role in initiation of movement, muscle tone maintenance, and inhibition of extraneous movement

32
Q

Function of spinal cord

A

Transmits sensory (afferent) information from the body to the brain and motor (efferent) information from the brain to the body

33
Q

Cranial nerves involved with communication

A

Trigeminal V

  • Innervates muscles of mastication•Innervates tensor veli palatini
  • Communicates sensation from face, teeth, mucosal lining, and tongue
  • Associated Disorders•Facial numbness and weakness
34
Q

Major blood supply to the brain involve with communication

A 
Middle Cerebral Artery (MCA)
-Largest of the cortical arteries
-Supply blood to the entire lateral surface of the cerebrum
Distribution includes
-Frontal lobe
Parietal lobe
-Temporal lobe

-Blood supply mostly related to speech, language, and sensorimotor functions

35
Q

What is a CVA and types

A

Cerebrovascular accident

36
Q

What is a Malignant brain Tumor

A

These brain tumors are brain cancer
Can grow and spread quickly to other body parts
Treated with surgical removal and radiation

37
Q

What is Benign brain tumors

A

Cannot spread to other parts of the body•Mass effect may occur

38
Q

What is a Tumor Deficit

A 
Similar to stroke 
Differ based on location of the tumor and degree of infiltration
Can cause impaired
-Language
-Cognition
-Speech
-Swallowing
-Vision
-Hearing
39
Q

What is surgical Trauma

A
  • Damage to brain tissue that may occur during surgery to the brain.
  • May result in acquired speech, language, cognitive, and swallowing deficits
  • May also cause secondary seizures, additional CVAs, infections, and increased intracranial pressure
40
Q

What are the causes of Surgical Trauma

A

can cause impaired

  • language
  • Cognition
  • Speech
  • Swallowing
  • Vision
  • Hearing
41
Q

What is an infection

A

Dependent on the type and severity

Also side effects of treatment

42
Q

Causes of infection

A 
Can cause impaired
Language
Cognition
Speech
Swallowing
Vision
Hearing

Vast quantity can affect CNS and/or PNS

  • Bacterial
  • Viral
  • Fungal
43
Q

Some infections that affect the nervous system

A

Encephalitis
HIV/AIDS
Syphilis
Poliomyelitis

44
Q

Types of Infections

A

Encephalitis- Infection/inflammation in the brain or spinal cord

  • Symptoms can include headache, fever, confusion, seizures
  • May point to location of infection or be referred
  • Extreme Parkinsonism

HIV/AID-Immunodeficient disease
Neurologic deficits may occur before individual aware of diagnosis
Neurological symptoms:•
Inability to learn new information, slowed processing, disfluent speech, impaired recall, reduced attention

45
Q

What is Benign brain tumors

A

Cannot spread to other parts of the body

Mass effect may occur

46
Q

What are Types of seizures

A

Mild-moderate seizures can produce a slowly accumulating level of brain damage to the affected areas over time.
Severe seizure is capable of creating immediate brain damage or and even death.

47
Q

Seizure stages

A

Aura Period immediately before the seizure
Warning signs a seizure may occur
Headache, déjà vu, panic, nausea, radical mood changes, tingling in limbs, visual abnormalities

Ictus
Main stage of the seizure
Convulsions and loss of consciousness

Post-ictus
Period after the seizure
Post-ictal confusion
Short term cognitive deficits

Interictal period
Time between seizures

tatus epilepticus
Seizures one after the other without an interictal period

48
Q

Partial Seizures

A

Pathological electrical overstimulation confined to a limited region of the brain

  • Can create any motor, sensory, or emotional symptom
  • Simple partial seizure•Consciousness maintained during seizure•Complex partial seizure•Causes an altered state of consciousness
49
Q

Partial Seizures

A
  • Pathological electrical overstimulation confined to a limited region of the brain
  • Can create any motor, sensory, or emotional symptom
  • Simple partial seizure•Consciousness maintained during seizure
  • Complex partial seizure
  • Causes an altered state of consciousness
50
Q

What is a Generalized Seizure

A

Affects the entire brain and are associated with total loss of consciousness

51
Q

What to do if someone is having a seizure

A
  • Put nothing in their mouth
  • Clear away sharp or dangerous objects
  • Turn them on their side
  • Put a pillow or something soft under their head
  • Stay with the person until the seizure ends or, if in a hospital, the appropriate medical personnel arrive.
52
Q

Partial Seizures

A
  • Pathological electrical overstimulation confined to a limited region of the brain
  • Can create any motor, sensory, or emotional symptom
  • Simple partial seizure•Consciousness maintained during seizure
  • Complex partial seizure
  • Causes an altered state of consciousness
53
Q

Signs and symptoms of aphasia

A

Difficulty speaking or jumbled speech
difficulty building and drawing things or loss ability to write
social isolation
persistent repetition of words or action

causes

  • Stroke. Ischemic—caused by a blockage that disrupts blood flow to a region of the brain. …
  • Traumatic brain injury.
  • Brain tumors.
  • Brain surgery.
  • Brain infections.
  • Progressive neurological diseases
54
Q

Classifications of aphasia type

A

-non fluent-Global- severe expressive and receptive language impairment; may be able to communicate using facial expression, intonation, and gestures

-Non Fluent Broca’s- repetition of words/phrases poor
Transcortical Motor Aphasia:
strong repetition skills; may have difficulty spontaneously answering questions

-Fluent Wernicke’s-repetition of words/phrases poor
Transcortical Sensory
Aphasia: repetition of words/phrases good; may repeat questions rather than answering them (“echolalia”)

  • fLUENT-Primary Progressive, Anomic,-repetition of words/phrases good; word finding difficulties; uses generic fillers (e.g., “thing”) or circumlocution
  • Mixed Non-fluent aphasia-Speech production is halting and effortful. Grammar is impaired; content words may be preserved.
55
Q

How is ischemic stroke similar to a heart attack

A

They both occur when blood is blocked from flowing into an area

56
Q

What is a hemorrhagic stroke

A

One where the blood vessels break

57
Q

TPA was a new drug developed that was able to be given through an IV, and can “bust up clots are removed them quickly. Which type of stroke would it be recommended for

A

ichemic

Intro Neurological Comm Disorders SLPA 4721 Mathews UWG (2 decks)

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