Intro Neurological Comm disorder study guide Flashcards
Types of Neurogenic Disorders
- The Aphasia
- The Dysarthria
- Apraxia of speech
- Right Hemisphere Disorders
- Dementia
Types of treatment settings
- Rehab (Acute care)
- Home Health
- private Practice
- Assistant living (skilled nursing)
- School
Differentiation between speech, language, and cognition
Cognition -Ability to process thought Speech -Sounds the mouth makes to produce words Language -Symbol set used to communicate meaning -usually verbal, written, or sign
Types of cognitive skill
Attention, Cognition, Memory
Cognition
Arousal
Orientation (Why who where)
Problem Solving (what the problem is and how to solve it)
Interference ( interfere)
Executive Functioning (Plan and initiate)
Attention -vigilance (focused attention) Sustained attention -Selective attention -Alternating attention -Divided attention
Memory
Working Memory
Short-term Memory
Long-Term Memory
Procedural Memory (remembering steps) sequence actions to accomplish a task
Declarative Memory (recalling facts)
Episodic Memory (Memory episodes that recur in the past)
Changes in speech, language, and cognition in health aging versus with a neurogenic disorder
Healthy Aging: Changes in Cognition Remains intact -Orientation -Sustained attention - Divided attention for basic tasks -Long term memory -Procedural Memory -Executive functions for ADLs Shows slight non pathological decline -Selective attention -Divided attention for complex tasks -Short-term memory -Episodic memory -Declarative memory -Working memory
Healthy Aging : Changes in Language
Remains intact
-Processing of functional verbal language
-Overall Comprehension
Shows slight non pathological decline
-Processing of verbal language slows through remains entirely functional
-Reading slows through remains entirely functional
-Word finding of proper names and confrontational naming
Healthy Aging: Changes in Speech
Speech remains typical and voice characteristics change
-voice gets deeper during aging
what is White matter
- Axons of neurons covered in a white sheath of a protein and fatty substance called myelin
- Myelin insulates the axons of neurons to allow electrical impulses to be conducted(~100 meters/second)
- Connects different areas/structures of the nervous system to one another and allows them to communication
Types of fiber tract
Association Fibers- Connects different structures/areas within a single cerebral hemisphere
Commissural fibers- Connects analogous areas between two cerebral hemisphere
Projection fibers-Project from the brain to the spinal cord Transmit motor movements from CNS to PNS
Transmit sensory signals from PNS to C
What is grey matter
Unmyelinated neurons
Processes and regulates information in the CNS
Found in the cortex, cerebellum, thalamus, basal ganglia, and spinal cord
What are Cerebral meninges
Meningeal linings of cerebrum
Dura, pia, and arachnoid mater
What are the functions of Cerebral meninges
Support neural and vascular tissue
Protect and nurture CNS structure
Support the brain
Left hemisphere function
Left Braid function logic, math/ science/ language, reading. writing
- Uses logic
- “Detail” oriented
- Facts rule
- Word and Language
- Math and Science
- Can comprehend
- Acknowledges
- Order/Pattern perception
- Knows object name
- Reality based; practical
Primary cortices location
Frontal lobe
What is primary auditory cortex
process auditory information
Primary auditory cortex location
temporal lobe
Between the brain and the skull are three layers known as
-Meninges
The cerebellum operates to
- Monitor body movements for errors and integrate movements into one another
- problems with gate and speech ATAXIA
White matter fiber tracts
Projection fibers -brain to spinal cord
Commissural fibers- connects areas between the two hemispheres
Association fibers- connects structures within the same hemisphere
Upper motor neurons can be located in the cortex
true of false
true
The ____ cortex is involved in the planning, control, an execution of voluntary movements
- Motor
Key to the comprehension of written and spoken language is ____ area
-Wernickes
The spinal cord is continuous with the
medulla
There are 31 single spinal nerves
True or False
False
The spinal cord is the communication highway between the brain and the body and it is also involved in reflexes
True or False
True
-ventral roots carries ____ motor information
efferent
-Dorsal door carries ____ sensory information
Afferent
Right hemisphere Function
Personality, creativity, intuition, music, art
- Uses feelings
- Big Picture oriented
- Imagination rules
- Symbols and images
- Philosophy and religion
- Can “get it”
- Appreciates
- Spatial perception
- Knows object functions
- Fantasy based impetuous
Difference between CNS and PNS
Central nervous system contains the brain and the spinal cord
Everything else but the CNS is called the peripheral Nervous system
PNS contains the nerves which leaves the brain and the spinal cords and travel to certain areas of the body
Functions of the Brain Stem
Connects the spinal cord to the brain
Functions of the Cerebellum
Works as an error control device to detect and correct errors in motor plans
Makes sure body movements are coordinated and free of errors
Monitors the intent of motor plans and compares them to what the body is actually doing–If there is an error, cerebellum alters the force, timing, and sequencing of muscle contractions
Functions of the Thalamus
Functions, in part, as a sensory relay station
Receives afferent sensory information being transmitted from body (except olfaction) and directs it to the appropriate part of the brain for processing
Receives the motor plans the cerebellum has checked for errors and sends the refined plans for motor execution
Function of the basal ganglia
Plays a role in initiation of movement, muscle tone maintenance, and inhibition of extraneous movement
Function of spinal cord
Transmits sensory (afferent) information from the body to the brain and motor (efferent) information from the brain to the body
Cranial nerves involved with communication
Trigeminal V
- Innervates muscles of mastication•Innervates tensor veli palatini
- Communicates sensation from face, teeth, mucosal lining, and tongue
- Associated Disorders•Facial numbness and weakness
Major blood supply to the brain involve with communication
Middle Cerebral Artery (MCA) -Largest of the cortical arteries -Supply blood to the entire lateral surface of the cerebrum Distribution includes -Frontal lobe Parietal lobe -Temporal lobe
-Blood supply mostly related to speech, language, and sensorimotor functions
What is a CVA and types
Cerebrovascular accident
What is a Malignant brain Tumor
These brain tumors are brain cancer
Can grow and spread quickly to other body parts
Treated with surgical removal and radiation
What is Benign brain tumors
Cannot spread to other parts of the body•Mass effect may occur
What is a Tumor Deficit
Similar to stroke Differ based on location of the tumor and degree of infiltration Can cause impaired -Language -Cognition -Speech -Swallowing -Vision -Hearing
What is surgical Trauma
- Damage to brain tissue that may occur during surgery to the brain.
- May result in acquired speech, language, cognitive, and swallowing deficits
- May also cause secondary seizures, additional CVAs, infections, and increased intracranial pressure
What are the causes of Surgical Trauma
can cause impaired
- language
- Cognition
- Speech
- Swallowing
- Vision
- Hearing
What is an infection
Dependent on the type and severity
Also side effects of treatment
Causes of infection
Can cause impaired Language Cognition Speech Swallowing Vision Hearing
Vast quantity can affect CNS and/or PNS
- Bacterial
- Viral
- Fungal
Some infections that affect the nervous system
Encephalitis
HIV/AIDS
Syphilis
Poliomyelitis
Types of Infections
Encephalitis- Infection/inflammation in the brain or spinal cord
- Symptoms can include headache, fever, confusion, seizures
- May point to location of infection or be referred
- Extreme Parkinsonism
HIV/AID-Immunodeficient disease
Neurologic deficits may occur before individual aware of diagnosis
Neurological symptoms:•
Inability to learn new information, slowed processing, disfluent speech, impaired recall, reduced attention
What is Benign brain tumors
Cannot spread to other parts of the body
Mass effect may occur
What are Types of seizures
Mild-moderate seizures can produce a slowly accumulating level of brain damage to the affected areas over time.
Severe seizure is capable of creating immediate brain damage or and even death.
Seizure stages
Aura Period immediately before the seizure
Warning signs a seizure may occur
Headache, déjà vu, panic, nausea, radical mood changes, tingling in limbs, visual abnormalities
Ictus
Main stage of the seizure
Convulsions and loss of consciousness
Post-ictus
Period after the seizure
Post-ictal confusion
Short term cognitive deficits
Interictal period
Time between seizures
tatus epilepticus
Seizures one after the other without an interictal period
Partial Seizures
Pathological electrical overstimulation confined to a limited region of the brain
- Can create any motor, sensory, or emotional symptom
- Simple partial seizure•Consciousness maintained during seizure•Complex partial seizure•Causes an altered state of consciousness
Partial Seizures
- Pathological electrical overstimulation confined to a limited region of the brain
- Can create any motor, sensory, or emotional symptom
- Simple partial seizure•Consciousness maintained during seizure
- Complex partial seizure
- Causes an altered state of consciousness
What is a Generalized Seizure
Affects the entire brain and are associated with total loss of consciousness
What to do if someone is having a seizure
- Put nothing in their mouth
- Clear away sharp or dangerous objects
- Turn them on their side
- Put a pillow or something soft under their head
- Stay with the person until the seizure ends or, if in a hospital, the appropriate medical personnel arrive.
Partial Seizures
- Pathological electrical overstimulation confined to a limited region of the brain
- Can create any motor, sensory, or emotional symptom
- Simple partial seizure•Consciousness maintained during seizure
- Complex partial seizure
- Causes an altered state of consciousness
Signs and symptoms of aphasia
Difficulty speaking or jumbled speech
difficulty building and drawing things or loss ability to write
social isolation
persistent repetition of words or action
causes
- Stroke. Ischemic—caused by a blockage that disrupts blood flow to a region of the brain. …
- Traumatic brain injury.
- Brain tumors.
- Brain surgery.
- Brain infections.
- Progressive neurological diseases
Classifications of aphasia type
-non fluent-Global- severe expressive and receptive language impairment; may be able to communicate using facial expression, intonation, and gestures
-Non Fluent Broca’s- repetition of words/phrases poor
Transcortical Motor Aphasia:
strong repetition skills; may have difficulty spontaneously answering questions
-Fluent Wernicke’s-repetition of words/phrases poor
Transcortical Sensory
Aphasia: repetition of words/phrases good; may repeat questions rather than answering them (“echolalia”)
- fLUENT-Primary Progressive, Anomic,-repetition of words/phrases good; word finding difficulties; uses generic fillers (e.g., “thing”) or circumlocution
- Mixed Non-fluent aphasia-Speech production is halting and effortful. Grammar is impaired; content words may be preserved.
How is ischemic stroke similar to a heart attack
They both occur when blood is blocked from flowing into an area
What is a hemorrhagic stroke
One where the blood vessels break
TPA was a new drug developed that was able to be given through an IV, and can “bust up clots are removed them quickly. Which type of stroke would it be recommended for
ichemic
