Intro ( Module 1 ) Flashcards
List and explain the types of listening
Appreciative listening:
Listening occurs for
aesthetic reasons. There
is enjoyment in the act of
listening, such as when
you listen to a piece of
music you enjoy or to a
charismatic speaker.
Empathic listening: You
listen emphatically when
you have a sympathetic
emotional response to
something that is being
said.
Comprehensive
(efferent) listening: You
listen comprehensively I
order to gain information
and to understand
something. However, the
act of listening does not
necessarily mean that
understanding occur.
What is Discourse
Discourse is any written or spoken form of language that serves a specific purpose and is aimed at a
target audience. Discourse can be spoken or written and is of varying types with different
characteristic features. All discourse takes place within a context which will determine the medium
and types of language used.
Describe spoken/oral discourse
Oral discourse is just as it sounds. It is communication or transfer of information using words that are spoken. For
oral discourse to happen, someone must be speaking either in conversation or through oral delivery of
information, such as in a lecture or presentation. Oral discourse lends itself to the use of speech acts, which are
functions of communication that might include congratulating, ordering, demanding, promising, hinting, warning,
or greeting. Oral discourse often also contains discourse markers, such as words that create pause or separation of
ideas (such as ‘‘well,’’ ‘‘so,’’ ‘‘anyway,’’ or ‘‘you know’’).
Describe Written discourse
Written discourse is also the transfer of information, but, as its name suggests, it involves the written word. To be successful,
the writer and the receiver must have the necessary skills for delivery of information; the writer must be able to write, and
the reader must be able to read. Written discourse is often tied with genre, or the type and/or structure of language used to
imply purpose and context within a specific subject matter, especially when looking at literature.
List the differences between technical and artistic discourse
Technical:
OBJECTIVE
2. SCIENTIFIC DATA, FIGURES & STATISTICS
3. PRECISE LANGUAGE
4. DENOTATIVE/CONCRETE WORDS
5. NEUTRAL TONE
Artistic:
SUBJECTIVE
OPINIONS, BIASES
FIGURATIVE LANGUAGE
CONNOTATIVE WORDS
AFFECTIVE TONE
list and explain the modes of discourse
- Narration
- Exposition
- Description
- Argumentation
- Pursuasion
list and explain atleast 3 organizational strategies of the narrative and descriptive discourse type
- Flashback
A flashback is an episode that took place in a
time earlier than the present action. * It may
be used for different purposes: to increase
tension, to move the story forward by
providing relevant back-story, to provide a
context to current events, to give background
to explain a conflict, to provide insight into a
character’s motives, etc. - Flash Forward * This strategy is opposite to flashback in that it
takes the narrative forward in time from the
current time in the sequence of events being
presented. The author interrupts the current fl
ow of events to insert an event that will take
place at some future time.
- Foreshadowing
Authors use foreshadowing to create
suspense and it therefore adds dramatic
tension in the narrative as it has readers
anticipating what is going to happen next. It
may also assist readers in comprehending
later outcomes in a narrative. - Time sequence
- Much artistic discourse uses time sequencing
as an organisational strategy. Often this is
chronological. A narrative discourse often has
an initiating event, problems and
complications that build to the climax, then
the strands of the plot are worked out, leading
to a resolution.
- Comparison
This is a description that focuses on the
similarity between two or more things, ideas
or individuals.
* An author may use comparison in order to
emphasise a quality or make the quality more
vivid in the minds of the audience.
List and explain atleast 3 organizational strategies of the expository and argumentative discourse type
Cause and effect
- The author presents information to explain
the reason something happens – the cause,
and what happens because of it – the effect. - This strategy helps the reader make a
connection between action and consequences
or understand the relationship between two
things.
Classification
The author arranges or groups ideas,
information or things according to shared
characteristics or similarities so that it is
ordered into categories.
* For instance, natural disasters may be
classified according to types.
Comparison and contrast
- Throughout the discourse the author
highlights the similarities and differences
between two or more things, ideas or
individuals.
Counterarguments
- This means that in presenting his/her
argument, the author may indicate that
people holding opposing views may have an
objection to it. The author outlines this
objection and immediately refutes that
objection by presenting a new argument that
opposes the objection raised – that is, the
counterargument
What does the acronym I-E-I-A mean
Identify *
Explain *
Illustrate *
Analyse
For example, if the question asks you to
comment on the use of a language strategy: *
First, identify the organisational strategy. * For
example: The writer contrasts the education
system of North America with that of less
developed countries.
* Then explain what you mean.
* Example: He points out that the North
American system is more advanced than that
of less developed countries.
* Then illustrate your point by providing
evidence from the extract.
* Example: This is brought out in the fact that in
North America the educational system creates
a richer experience for the students while in
lesser developed countries rote learning is the
modus operandi.
* Finally give your analysis.
* Contrast is effectively used to highlight one of
the main differences between the two
educational systems. It therefore strengthens
