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MPT 2 > Intro Material > Flashcards

Intro Material Flashcards

1
Q

Pathology

A

disease, disorder, or condition at cellular level

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2
Q

impairment

A

abnormality in anatomical, psychological structure and/or function

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3
Q

activity limitation

A

restriction to perform at level of whole person

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4
Q

participation restriction

A

inability to perform actions, tasks, and activities related to self-care, home management, work, or leisure

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5
Q

patient management model

A

exam
eval
diagnosis
prognosis
intervention
outcome

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6
Q

purpose of exam (4)

A

1 - gather info (sub/obj)
2 - determine functional and social status (ADLs/work)
3 - identify pt goals
4 - assess performance of structure

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7
Q

examination includes (3)

A

history
systems review
tests/measures

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8
Q

history from exam includes…

A

demographics
occupation
general health
past medical history

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9
Q

systems review from exam includes

A

cardiopulmonary
musculoskeletal
neuromuscular
integumentary
communication

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10
Q

tests/measures from exam include

A
  • identify specific impairments
  • confirm your hypothesis
  • symptoms vs signs (sub vs obj)
  • provocation testing
  • positive/negative signs
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11
Q

evaluation is…

A

your clinical judgements based on the exam

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12
Q

medical diagnosis is the ________ code

A

ICD-10
* do not give pts a medical diagnosis

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13
Q

prognosis

A

process of determining the optimal level of improvement

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14
Q

plan of care

A

specific interventions that will be used including duration and frequency

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15
Q

how are short term goals different from long term goals?

A
  • 1-2 weeks
  • not really functional
  • focuses on simple impairments like increasing ROM and strength
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16
Q

how are long term goals different from short term?

A
  • > 4 weeks
  • more functional
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17
Q

goals show progress to who?

A

patients, us, and insurance

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18
Q

intervention

A

purposeful and skilled interaction of the PT with the patient using various techniques consistent with eval, diagnosis, and prognosis

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19
Q

effects of AROM (3)

A

1 - nutrition (self-lubrication of joints)
2- motor re-education
3 - range of motion

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20
Q

effects of PROM (3)

A

1 - nutrition
2- decreased swelling
3 - range of motion increase

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21
Q

effects of RROM

A

1 - vascularization
2 - hypertrophy/strength
3 - neurologic changes

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22
Q

T or F: you get stronger by just doing AROM

A

F - you have to stress the system

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23
Q

range of motion progression

A

Passive > active-assisted > active

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24
Q

what to consider when working on ROM?

A
  • mobility and stability of joint
  • structure of the joint
  • soft tissue across the joint
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25
Q

what are some reasons you could lose ROM?

A

trauma
surgery
disease
inactivity
hypertrophy

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26
Q

indications for PROM

A
  • examination
  • not able or allowed to move (pathology/post surgery)
  • prepare for stretching
  • education
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27
Q

Does PROM increase muscle strength, size, or endurance

A

NO

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28
Q

what does PROM do?

A

gains joint ROM
stretches muscles
controls pain

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29
Q

indications for AAROM and AROM

A
  • Pt can partially/completely move a joint
  • beginning of strengthening or cardiovascular training
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30
Q

what are some limitation of AAROM and AROM

A
  • only allows for active ROM strength
  • doesn’t facilitate skill development outside the motionc
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31
Q

contraindications for AAROM and AROM

A
  • immediately after certain surgeries
  • immediately after fracture/tear
  • DVT
  • excessive pain
  • cardiovascular compromise
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32
Q

T or F: you have to have full pain free range of motion to add resistance

A

F: you can add resistance but only go to pain-free range

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33
Q

immobilization leads to…

A
  • decrease soft tissue mobility
  • decreased motion
  • atrophy
  • functional loss (neurological inactivity)
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34
Q

Do 2 or 1 joint muscles atrophy quicker if only 1 joint is immobilized?

A

1 joint, b/c 2nd joint still allows for some movement

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35
Q

T or F: slow twitch and fast twitch fibers atrophy at about the same rate

A

T

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36
Q

If you are immobilized in a shortened position there is a __________ in the number of sarcomeres and muscle is ____________.

A

decrease
stiffer
*opposite if muscle is immobilized in lengthened position

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37
Q

what stays the same regardless if the muscle is immobilized in a shortened or lengthened position

A

loss of mass, CSA, strength

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38
Q

T or F: early protected mobilization of muscle will increase results

A

T

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39
Q

effects of tendon immobilization

A
  • decrease in size and number of collagen fiber bundles
  • disorganization of fiber orientation
  • decreased strength, elastic stiffness, and total weight
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40
Q

gentle passive mobilization of tendons does what?

A
  • increase tensile strength
  • decrease adhesions
  • promotes normal soft tissue relationship
  • decreases scar tissue
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41
Q

effects of ligament immobilization

A
  • decrease collagen mass
  • decrease in strength and stiffness
  • increase joint stiffness
  • will shorten if not exposed to stress
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42
Q

T or F: for ligaments, remobilization period is usually much longer than immobilization

A

T b/c low metabolic activity it takes longer for them to get stretched back out once shortened

43
Q

ligaments can remodel for up to ________

A

1 year

44
Q

effects of cartilage immobilization

A
  • degeneration
  • softening and fragmentation
  • becomes vulnerable to injury
  • chondrocyte deterioration leads to sclerosis
  • osteophyte formation
45
Q

after ____ weeks of immobilization, there is usually irreparable damage to cartilage

A

4

46
Q

to avoid arthritic changes in cartilage it is important to obtain full ______-

A

AROM

47
Q

effects of bone immobilization

A
  • resorption
  • decrease in bone mass
  • possible osteoporosis
48
Q

when does most resorption of bone typically occur during immobilization

A

first 6 weeks

49
Q

with immobilization there is up to ____% increase in bone resorption and _____% decrease in formation

A

30, 70

50
Q

T or F: bone responds quickest to remobilization

A

T: b/c increased metabolic activity

51
Q

what does stretching do?

A

increase extensibility of muscle tendon unit

52
Q

flexibility depends of what 2 things

A

joint ROM
soft tissue extensibility

53
Q

3 types of stretching

A

static, ballistic, PNF

54
Q

physiologically, what does static stretching do?

A

decrease in reflex activity of the spindle

55
Q

how long to hold static stretch

A

30-60 seconds

56
Q

ballistic stretching

A

repetitive bouncing motions
* may cause injury

57
Q

process of PNF stretching

A

take to end range
active isometric contraction
relax
take up slack to end range
repeat

58
Q

two types of PNF stretching

A

autogenic inhibition ad reciprocal inhibition

59
Q

autogenic inhibition

A

contract the muscle you are trying to stretch
ex. for hamstring stretch, contract ham by having pt push down into your shoulder, then stretch

60
Q

reciprocal inhibition

A

contract the antagonist of the muscle you are trying to stretch
ex: for hamstring stretch, contract quad by having pt push up into your hands

61
Q

acute effects of stretching (3)

A
  • elongation of musculotendinous junction
  • decreased resistance to stretch
  • increased tolerance to stretch
62
Q

chronic effects of stretching

A

addition of sarcomeres

63
Q

hypermobility

A

excessive laxity or length of tissue which can lead to instability

64
Q

agility

A

ability to perform an accurate motion quickly

65
Q

coordination

A

ability to produce smooth controlled motion

66
Q

power

A

combo of strength, speed, and skill

67
Q

strength

A

max force a muscle can develop in one contraction

68
Q

two ways you gain strength

A

1 - neural changes
2 - hypertrophy

69
Q

what kind of muscles respond well to high volume reps

A

posture muscles b/c they need good endurance

70
Q

endurance exercise advantages

A

comfort, early rehab, less joint stress, ensures proper form before adding weight

71
Q

why should you avoid valsalva

A
  • decreases blood flow to heart and cardiac output
  • raises HR and BP
72
Q

how to prevent patients from holding their breath

A

talk to them, if they are talking then they’re breathing

73
Q

what kind of exercise should you usually start with

A

isometric

74
Q

immediate muscle soreness is due to

A
  • increased lactic acid
  • decreased O2
  • increase in K
  • decrease in blood flow
75
Q

DOMS

A

delayed-onset muscle soreness microtrauma to muscles, tendons, and connective tissue

76
Q

symptoms of DOMS

A

diffuse pain, stiffness, tender to palpate

77
Q

DOMS starts how many hours after exercise and resolves in how long?

A

24-48 hours
1 week

78
Q

T or F: you should exercise when sick

A

F

79
Q

you should perform strength training at least _____ times a week for maintenance

A

2

80
Q

how many weeks does it take to see significant strength gains

A

6

81
Q

why do you warm-up

A
  • increase blood flow, oxygen delivery, and metabolic activity
  • mental transition
82
Q

how to warm up for strength training

A

12-15 reps without weight before set

83
Q

do you need to warm up for abdominal training and isometrics

A

no

84
Q

what can happen if you don’t cool down

A

blood can pool in muscles

85
Q

1 advantage and 1 disadvantage of manual resistance

A
  • allows for control of ROM and resistance
  • not measured quantitatively
86
Q

3 advantages and 1 disadvantage of mechanical resistance

A

it is specific, quantifiable, and can be done w/o assistance but it can be dangerous

87
Q

machine weights are more stable than free weights but may limit what?

A

plane of joint/muscle action

88
Q

isometric

A

same length
can be performed daily but only develops strength at position held

89
Q

isotonic

A

same tension (ex. dumbbell)

90
Q

isokinetics

A

same speed
used mostly for objective data, often not functional

91
Q

central activation ratio

A

tells us how much strength we have and if that strength loss is physiologic

92
Q

T or F: you should review HEP at every visit

A

T

93
Q

closed chain

A

fixed distal segment

94
Q

open chain

A

distal segment not fixed

95
Q

T or F: gait is both open and closed chain

A

T

96
Q

open chain is more functional in the ________ extremity while closed chain is more functional in the ________ extremity

A

upper, lower

97
Q

volume of resistance exercise =

A

sum of reps and sets

98
Q

you want limb symmetry to be within ______%

A

10

99
Q

ACSM guidelines for strength training

A
  • minimum 2x per week
  • 8-10 exercises targeting major muscle groups
  • one set of 8-12 for healthy adults of 10-15 for older/frail
100
Q

ACSM guidelines for cardiovascular training

A

30 minutes of moderate intensity physical activity 5x week or 20 mins vigorous activity 3x week

101
Q

T or F: older adults may need to stretch longer

A

T: b/c the tissues are often stiffer

102
Q

T or F: the ACSM guidelines recognize elite athletes

A

F

103
Q

There is a ______% decrease in mortality rate between those with mod fitness level and those with low cardiorespiratory fitness level

A

60

104
Q

How many steps are recommended per day?

A

10000

MPT 2 (11 decks)

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