Intro lecture: 10/27

Question 1

What are the two major categories of renal organs?

Answer 1

kidney: glomeruli, tubule, interstitum, vasculature, calyxes

collecting system: ureter, bladder, urethra

Question 2

What is the normal pH range?

Answer 2

7.35-7.45

Question 3

Acidemia vs acidosis

Answer 3

• emia: 7.35-7.40

- osis:

Question 4

Alkalemia vs alkadosis

Answer 4

• emia: 7.40-7.45

- osis: >7.45

Question 5

Name the three types of renal disorder

Answer 5

• acute: has 3 stages
• chronic: has 5 stages
• advanced: requires dialysis

Question 6

**What are the five stages of chronic renal failure?

Answer 6

S1: damage + normal GFR (90 mL/min)
S2: damage + GFR (60-89)
S3: moderate low GFR (30-59)
S4: severely low GFR (15-30)
S5: kidney failure

Question 7

Define: oliguria

Answer 7

decreased urine output

Question 8

Define: anuria

Answer 8

absence of urine output

Question 9

Define: polyuria

Answer 9

> 3000 mL/day

Question 10

Define: azotemia

Answer 10

elevation of BUN/creatinine

Question 11

Define: uremia

Answer 11

severe BUN/creatinine elevation

Question 12

Define: nephrolithiasis

Answer 12

• kidney stones

- contractions of tubule in attempts to expel the stone is what causes the pain

Question 13

Define: abnormal urinary sediment

Answer 13

take urine sample > spin down

one can get:

• pyuria: pus in urine
• casts
• hematuria from he glomeruli: see misshapen RBCs

Question 14

How to treat volume depletion?

Answer 14

fluid replacement!

• colloid: remains in the plasma
• crystalloid: transfers to the interstitial space (ECF); may lead cause edema

Question 15

How to treat volume overload?

Answer 15

• fluid restriction
• loop diuretics
• thoracentesis
• hemodialysis

Question 16

What are the hormones created by the kidneys?

Answer 16

erythropoietin: regulates HGB and HCT concentrations

Vitamin D: converted to active form; regulates Ca and P04 absorption

Question 17

Describe nephrotic syndrome

Answer 17

• proteinuria/albuminuria
• peripheral edema
• hyperlipidemia
• thrombophilia: loss of AT-3
• no casts
• NON-inflammatory

Question 18

Describe nephritic syndrome

Answer 18

• inflammatory cells via renal biopsy
• hematuria + casts
• elevated BUN
• HTN
• oliguria and azotemia

Question 19

Describe the distribution of water in the body

Answer 19

• TBW: 60% of body weight (in kg)
• Intracellular: 2/3 TBW
• Extracellular: 1/3 TBW
• interstitial: 3/4 ECW
• plasma: 1/4 ECW