Intro / Lecture 1

Question 1

how is the innervation of the foot similar to the innervation of the hand.

Answer 1

The baby toe and the one beside it have there own innervation just as the pinky and half the next finger are innervated by the ulnar nerve while the other fingers have different innervation.

Question 2

how do the limbs rotate in development

Answer 2

the upper limb rotates laterally and the lower limb medially 90 degrees. This rotation twists dermatomes and explains the location of structures such as nerves.

Question 3

what is fascia

Answer 3

An elastic structure containing collagen which surrounds muscles and stores potential energy.

Question 4

what element of the immune system is fascia home to

Answer 4

the mast cell system

Question 5

name three bits of fascia on the lower limb

Answer 5

gluteal fascia( buttocks), fascia lata( thigh)and crural fascia ( leg)

Question 6

describe the fascia of the lower abdomen

Answer 6

Campers fascia is the over lying fatty layer at the groin. Scarpa’s fascia underlies it and is tougher and more membranous. Scarpa’s fascia fuses to Fascia lata at Holden’s line.

Question 7

what are three types of rupture of the male urethra and how could you tell them apart in a clinical scenario

Answer 7

Intrapelvic, intra penile, Intra-fascial. If its intra-penile, pooling of blood and urine will occur under Buck’s fascia. If its Intra-fascial pooling will stop abruptly at Holden’s line

Question 8

when the lower limb is fixed what is the function of the abductors of the hip

Answer 8

to keep the pelvis parallel to the floor ( stabilize pelvis )

Question 9

what muscles are hip abductors

Answer 9

Gluteus medius, Gluteus minimus and tensor fascia lata.

Question 10

what is the iliotibial tract

Answer 10

a thickening of the fascia lata which connects to and is tightened by the tensor fascia lata muscle.

Question 11

what is Trendelenburg’s sign

Answer 11

when the pelvis tilts when walking. This is a result of issues with the hip abductor muscles. The sound side sags ( the side that tilts down is opposite the side with the issue)

Question 12

describe the innervation of the compartments of the thigh

Answer 12

Anterior=femoral nerve
Medial= obturator nerve
Posterior= sciatic nerve

Question 13

list the muscle groups of the thigh compartments

Answer 13

Anterior= quadriceps
Medial= adductors
Posterior= hamstring

Question 14

what is the significance of the long rough ridge on the posterior femur

Answer 14

its is the attachment and convergence point of all three fascial compartments

Question 15

what are the compartments of the leg

Answer 15

anterior, lateral and posterior( calf, v. large)

Question 16

what fascia incases the leg

Answer 16

crural fascia

Question 17

why is the fascia surrounding the leg so tight

Answer 17

to propel blood back to the heart. There are deep veins that are pumped by the movement of muscles in the leg.

Question 18

what is anterior compartment syndrome and how is it treated

Answer 18

when pressure in the muscles of the leg gets too high. this decreases blood flow and the pulse in the leg can be lost. in acute scenarios it is treated with and emergency fasciotomy

Question 19

what is cribriform fascia, what’s its function and location

Answer 19

A sieve like section of fascia located below Holden’s line, in the saphenous opening, where veins of the lower limbs drain into the femoral vein.

Question 20

what is the inferior extensor retinacula

Answer 20

a y shaped tissue which tethers tendons of the foot.

Question 21

what are the two retinacula’s on the top of the foot

Answer 21

superior and inferior extensor retinacula’s

Question 22

where is the plantar fascia located

Answer 22

the base of the foot between the heel bone and big toe.