INTRO: History of the Relationship of Science, Technology, Society Flashcards
Advances in technology are the driver of change in social values and norms in society.
Technological Determinism
Technological determinism is associated with the ideas of?
Thomas Veiblen and Karl Marx
Which example of technological determinism:
Invented to revolutionize human mobility, allowing us to travel great distances while carrying many items at the same time. This paved the way for global travel and commerce, determining the very way our history unfolded.
Wheels
Which example of technological determinism:
One life-sized example of technological determinism as it led to the creation of roads and the structural paving of the world.
Cars
Which example of technological determinism:
The 19th-century innovation that fundamentally changed humanity around the globe. This became a crucial part of wartime planning as well as a significant symbol in politics and society to this day.
Guns
Which example of technological determinism:
From infinite video content streaming across countless digital platforms to the ability to simply capture life as it passes by, this play a pivotal role in our present day-to-day.
Cameras
The role of an individual to their society is related to their ________ and ________ with respect to their societies.
standing ; class
Creation of new ________/________ have impacted the early social groups of our ancestors.
tools ; technology
Man’s earliest conquest involved _____.
Fire
Why is fire important?
Warmth
Cooking
Food preservation
Illumination
Two methods of creating fire
Percussion Method
Friction Method
First mineral that was mined which was ideal for tools and weapons
Flint
Timeline of Flint
Neolithic Period/New Stone Age: 8000-2000 BCE
Also mined during prehistoric times
Gold and Copper
8000 B.C. - The Fertile Crescent
Center of Agriculture
Knowledge of growing food spread to the Mediterranean region and Western Europe. What are these food?
Oats
Rye
Rice
Agriculture-stimulated technology
Hoe
Plow
Harrow
Central to the creation of new social structure.
Food Distribution
Assigned to the distribution of food in the early social groups; making them take on leadership roles in the early society.
Skilled Hunters
Further reinforced the idea of ownership of food and the ability of controlling its distribution.
New food preservation techniques
Gave rise to early city-states and larger empire; creation of new roles and creation of newer social structures to regulate the increasing population.
Success of Agriculture
Advances in agriculture led to ________ _________ and the emergence of classes whose main task is in the administration of people.
social stratification
The _______ _______ seen in large Iron Age empires (e.g., Rome) may have been a means to maintain control of food production and building creation.
slavery system
The creation of laws resulting in the creation of soldiers, warriors, administrators, scribes, and politicians can also be ways of maintaining means of production that are seen to stabilize existing ______ ______.
social order
[Urban Centers] Temple economy/Kingdoms
Priests
Scholars
Monarchs
[Urban Centers] Early Engineers
Artisans & Craftsmen
[Urban Centers] Surplus of ______ is concentrated around the city
goods
[Urban Centers] More on the organization (slave labor) than on machines
Megastructures
[Urban Centers] Laws
Code of Hammurabi
Greek Senate
Roman Laws
Bible
[Urban Centers] Arts are in?
City centers & Palaces
Grouping with respect to occupation
Occupational Stratification
Role of Elites and Wealthy Class
Philosophers
The emergence of an elite class in our early societies can also be linked to the establishment of some social order to maintain existing modes of __________.
production
They led to the development of formalized way thinking and doing science, thereby significantly shaping our current science and technology.
Greek and Roman Philosophers (Abstraction of Thought)
[Abstraction of Thought]
Early Mathematics, early philosophy.
Proving theorems
[Abstraction of Thought]
A precursor to the scientific method
A priori and posterior thinking
Aristotle, Plato, Socrates, Heraclitus, etc.
Greek Philosophers
Marcus Aurelius, Cicero, Seneca, etc.
Roman Philosopher
One of the largest and most powerful political, military and cultural powers in history; founded in ancient Italy (Etruria and Latium).
Roman empire (753 BC - AD 476)
3 Periods of Roman Empire
Regal
Republican
Imperial
One of ancient Rome’s most successful leaders; first emperor of Rome.
Caesar Augustus
The era in the “middle” of the fall of Rome and the rise of the ___________.
Renaissance
No single state or government united the people in the European continent, instead the ________ ________ became the most powerful institution of the medieval period.
Catholic Church
Technological development for practical purposes (e.g., better windmills, watermills vs. advances in mathematics, chemistry, and physics; sciences did not develop as much.
Medieval Period
Developments in abstract thought and sciences were seen more in the Islamic and Chinese empires in this period.
Medieval Period
Technological and scientific advances are more or less spearheaded through the Catholic church by the clergy in the monasteries.
Medieval Period
Who made the process of making gunpowder, proposed flying machines, motorized ships and carriages, invented magnifying glass?
Roger Bacon (Franciscan Friar)
[Religion in the Middle Ages] Intellectual
and administrative expression
The Catholic Church
[Religion in the Middle Ages] Training of clergy
Cathedral schools and universities
[Religion in the Middle Ages] Center of culture
Monastery
[Religion in the Middle Ages] Islam flourished where?
Middle East
Period of European cultural, artistic, political and economic “rebirth” following the Middle Ages; promoted the rediscovery of classical philosophy, literature and art.
Renaissance
Sea navigation flourished; voyagers launched expeditions to travel the entire globe; discovered new shipping routes to the Americas, India and the Far East and explorers trekked across areas that weren’t fully mapped.
Renaissance
Renaissance started where?
Started in Florence, Italy
[Renaissance] Incorporated scientific principles, such as anatomy; recreate the human body with extraordinary precision.
Leonardo da Vinci
[Renaissance] Studied mathematics
to accurately engineer and design immense buildings with expansive domes.
Filippo Brunelleschi
[Renaissance] Presented a new view of
astronomy and mathematics
Galileo Galilei
[Renaissance] Proposed that the Sun, not the Earth, was the center of the solar system (heliocentric theory)
Nicolaus Copernicus
[Institutionalization of science] Deductive reasoning though his works on “Discourse on Methods”.
Rene Descartes
[Institutionalization of science] Need of rigorous data collection to prove or disprove a proposition.
Francis Bacon
The Royal Academy of London and French Royal Academy of Sciences were both established when?
1660s
Formalizing a group and instituting an organization consolidates certain common goals and vision among its members resulting to ________ of ideas/concepts.
standardization
The group maybe ________ to outsiders yet at the same time promote ________ and eventually gain authority over their fields of pursuit.
exclusive ; prestige
A period of rapid production of goods largely driven by advances in science and technology, finance, and politics; transition from creating goods by hand to using machines.
Industrial Revolution
It has brought rapid social change that made lives of people a little more complex.
Industrial Revolution
True or False: Labor related issues emerged resulting in the need to address worker rights.
True
True or False: Need for formalized education to thrive in world that becomes more and more industry based.
True
To have innovation and create new things, old structures are needed to be destroyed.
Creative Destruction
Austrian economist - First manifested in the case of the Luddites and was recently observed in the case of Blockbuster, CDs to USB to Cloud Storage, etc.
Joseph Schumpeter
Textile workers who began burning textile factories.
Luddites
Which example of Creative Destruction:
More efficient transport than horses; impact on the work of coachmen, stable persons, and horse manure street cleaners.
Cars
Which example of Creative Destruction:
More efficient gas for lighting; less work for whalers that hunt whales for their oil.
Kerosene
Which example of Creative Destruction:
A better and faster way to communicate readable material to other people; eventual destruction of the postal system.
Which example of Creative Destruction:
More efficient and free way to disseminate knowledge; possible destruction of the current educational system.
Internet and Online Learning
